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What is the fallacy of Straw Man?

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Philosophy Essay

Topic: What is the fallacy of Straw Man? How is it different than simply disagreeing with someone else’s point of view?

Use the material in Vaughn’s book to help you give a detailed explanation of what the mistake in a Straw Man is. To demonstrate your understanding and to teach the idea to the rest of the class, provide a relevant real-life example of the logical mistake. (You MAY use an outside source to help you present your example; be sure to summarize or paraphrase, cite, and use announcing verbs.) Choose carefully – consider whether your example does a good job of illustrating a Straw Man. Compare it to similar fallacies and show why your example is a Straw Man rather than another fallacy like an Appeal to the Person. The discussion of your example should be detailed so that readers can evaluate the fallacy. Argue the case for why your example is an example of Straw Man.

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Instructions

1-Essay Length tips–To answer these topics completely, it takes about 2 pages – 8-10 paragraphs. Use the topic questions and the scoring rubric to see if your draft responds fully to all parts of the question. A complete thoughtful answer is more important than word count.

2-Once you choose which question, you’d like to write about, write your essay and save it as a Word document.

3-Use your course texts to help you respond to the topic, and when you quote and summarize from the course texts, include information about the page reference.

4-You are discouraged from using additional sources. If you do choose to use an outside source, be sure to cite your source, just as you do when you use the course texts. If you use a quotation or an example from a website, cite the website’s URL and the date accessed.

 

 

Aristotles Concept of Virtue

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Complete 5 pages APA formatted article: Aristotles Concept of Virtue. People live dissatisfied lives because they concentrate more on their vices and less on their virtues. A person is unholy without virtue and “very far from being happy” (Curren 112. An important thing worth mentioning here is that excessive focus should not be laid on the meaning of virtue, rather efforts should be wisely invested in exploring how virtues can be used to become a more productive person (Sheffield and Warren 354). General consensus is that any activity which promotes personality development and general well-being can be labeled virtuous.

Aristotle introduced the doctrine of the means to help others distinguish virtuous states of characters from vices. According to this doctrine, only that state which lies at the mean between two extremes, excess and deficiency, should be considered a virtue. This doctrine helps to separate virtuous states of character from vicious ones. For example, lustfulness and frigidity are two extremes and hence, vicious states of character. They are not virtues, rather virtue is a modest sexual desire which lies at the mean between these two extremes. People have innate disposition in varying amounts to calculate their actions in the context of pleasure and pain. This is because virtue is associated with passions and every passion is followed by pleasure or pain. So, virtue is also concerned with feelings of pleasure and pain. By using the virtue of rational thinking, people control or design their passions and appetites in accordance with the markers of pleasure and pain.

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Moral virtues translate into a disposition to behave morally which varies from person to person. If a person knows well how to act rationally even in the most depressing times, then he/she is virtuous because rationality is the distinctive quality of a person. This shows that virtue and vice are controllable and in the power of people. They can be controlled by choosing to act responsibly and remaining cautious about consequences.

Need help with my writing homework

Need help with my writing homework on Importance of Advertising to the Mass Media. Write a 3750 word paper answering; Departing from this perspective, this paper seeks to interrogate exactly how important advertising is to mass media. precisely, this paper will discuss the role of advertising in the mass media while elaborating on the different economic models of mass media in the UK in terms of their source of funding. Moreover, this paper will evaluate the benefits of each model while assessing the appropriateness of the balance between advertising and non-advertising material and their corresponding effects. this paper will also explore media content, development, distribution, and presentation, as well as the likely future of mass media industries.

The rapid flow of information and ideas across societies is undeniably one of the greatest predictors of the advancement in information and communication technologies in today’s globalization age (Fog 2013). The rise of the mass media has greatly benefited modern societies because it has become the main channel of communication, as the world’s populations rely on the media as the primary source of information regarding what is happening in their surroundings. Information communicated through the mass media plays a central role in helping individuals to make informed decisions regarding critical issues of their concern in society (Andrew 2013. Lynda, McKinney, Tedesco & Gaddie 1999). In that respect, the mass media is a powerful tool that can be utilized in shaping public opinion formation (Prat & Stromberg 2011). The messages passed through the mass media have an immeasurable impact on the entire society, both negative and positive (Browne 1999, p.103). Generally, mass media communication appears in a vast range of formats including the written and broadcast (radio and T.V). given that there are different forms of media outlets, each one of them has to compete for the attention of the same audiences (Reid & Karen 2000. Albarran 2013). While magazines and newspapers are competing for the same section of readers, TV and radio stations are battling to attract the largest numbers of viewers and listeners respectively. the increased mass media competition in the free and unregulated global market economy has inevitably increased the stakes for industry players (Fog 1999).

Ethics in Micro-Ethical Issues

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Ethics in Micro-Ethical Issues

Complete 5 pages APA formatted article: The Pedagogical Strategy of Ethics in Micro-Ethical Issues.

Personal ethical codes with guidance and contribution from the society such as family members, friends, instructors, fellow employees, religious leaders, coaches, and role models aids in the development of the fundamentals identified early in life. From the case study, these codes of ethics must be important in the professional life of an engineer. Ethical codes are not synonymous with individuals and corporate persons, governments, and professions.

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As professional, sound ethics is important to the proper growth of an individual professionally. According to Edel, (3), there is basically two questions about the uses of science in ethics: the extent of knowledge and the impact of science on morality. A Poor grasp of ethics issues corporate scandals encountered in the professional lives is as a result of poor handling of the issue.

These corporate scandals can arouse the wrath of the public damaging the career and corporate profile of the institutions that have failed to deal with the issue. Just like in other professions, an engineer’s failure to honor ethical duties of care to the public can be the thin line between the protection of an individual’s a society’s and a public’s health, safety, and welfare.

According to (Whitbeck, 161) safe and effective complaint procedures come in a variety of styles. other may in the form formally constituted, while others merely happen, in a de facto style. The engineer is entrusted with a high degree of responsibility, and such trust, reputation, competencies, and credibility must accompany the hardware and software tools that the engineers carry in their normal professional practice. From the case study shown by the short film, engineers need a professional code of ethics.

The engineering profession has not escaped the scandals that have affected other professions. In the business world, high public scandals such as Enron, amongst others have dominated their airwaves exposing unethical practices, which in turn lead many to lose huge investments.

Philosophy Homework

Topic – The Mind Body Connection The physical health of a person is largely connected to his emotional status .If one is stressed emotionally then itcan trigger a lot of health hazards in him. Emotional stressors are major cause of illnesses and anxiety and excessive worrying is a part of it. A stressed person can release stress hormones called cortisol from nervous system and this hormones can enhance the production of blood sugar levels and can give rise to many unhealthy conditions. These health problems come in the form dizziness, dry mouth, fast heartbeat, headache, fatigue and so on. It should be understood that our physical health is strongly connected to our psychological health. This is because it is the nervous system and brain which is the principal co – coordinator in the physical functioning of our body.

All the bodily organs function with the aid of brain and nervous system. Moreover our mind’s balance is what makes us an healthy person. The negative emotions like anger, aggression and fear can destroy mental and physical health. In case of stressors, the most effective tool to control it is physical activity. Everybody come across stress in their daily life and physical activity releases hormones to stabilize the stress factor in people. While exercising the body produces endorphins which act as a natural painkiller and also energize a person. The exercise impacts the brain and decreases the fatigue and increase the concentration and alertness of a person. Exercise increases the blood flow to the brain and this refresh the brain and nervous system which give rise to healthy mental condition.

Measuring Morbidity: Prevalence and Incidence

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TOPIC: Measuring Morbidity: Prevalence and Incidence

Read the scenario below and complete the assignment as instructed.

Scenario

In Community X (population 20,000), an epidemiologist conducted a prevalence survey in January of 2012 and reported an HIV prevalence of 2.2%. Over the next 12 months, the department of health reported an additional 50 new HIV cases between February 2012 and January 2013. The total population stayed constant at 20,000.

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Part 1

  1. How many people had HIV in January 2012? Present or describe the formula you used to arrive at your answer.
  2. Calculate the incidence rate assuming no HIV-related deaths over the 12-month period. Present or describe the formula you used to arrive at your answer. Be sure to clearly indicate the numerator and      denominator used in your calculation and include an appropriate label for the rate.

In a summary of 200-250 words, interpret the results and discuss the relationship between incidence and prevalence. Discuss whether or not the epidemiologist should be concerned about these new HIV infections, assuming a previous incidence rate of 0.5 per 1,000 person-years prior to this updated risk assessment.

Part 2

A rapid test used for diagnosing HIV has a sensitivity of 99.1% and a specificity of 90%. Based on the population prevalence of 2.2% in 2012, create a 2×2 table showing the number of true positives, false positives, false negatives, and true negatives. Calculate the positive predicative value and negative predictive value for this test. Refer to the “Creating a 2×2 Contingency Table” resource for guidance.

In 200-250 words, discuss whether or not the epidemiologist should recommend this test as part of a universal HIV screening program. Provide rationale for your recommendation applying the positive and negative predictive values. Present or describe the formula you used to arrive at your answer.

STUDY MATERIALS

Read Chapters 14 and 15 in Gordis Epidemiology.

Read “Association or Causation: Evaluating Links Between ‘Environment and Disease,'” by Lucas and McMichael (2005), located on the World Health Organization website. URL: https://www-ncbi-nlm-nih-gov.lopes.idm.oclc.org/pmc/articles/PMC2626424/pdf/16283057.pdf

Read “Weak Associations in Epidemiology: Importance, Detection, and Interpretation,” by Doll, from Journal of Epidemiology (1996). URL: https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jea1991/6/4sup/6_4sup_11/_pdf

Read “Causal Inference Based on Counterfactuals,” by Hofler (2005), located on the BioMed Central website. URL: https://bmcmedresmethodol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2288-5-28

Read “Multicausality: Confounding,” by Schoenbach (2004), located on the Epidemilog.net website. URL: http://www.epidemiolog.net/evolving/Multicausality-Confounding.pdf

View “Sensitivity and Specificity – Explained in 3 Minutes,” by Martin (2014), located on the YouTube website. URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FnJ3L-63Cf8

View “The Relationship Between Incidence and Prevalence,” by Patwari (2013), located on the YouTube website. URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1jzZe3ORdd8

Use the “Creating a 2×2 Contingency Table” resource to assist with the completion of the Measuring Morbidity: Prevalence and Incidence assignment, as needed.

Philosophy Homework

Respond to the following prompt with a reasoned argument. Support your position with textual evidence from at least two texts we have read during this course.

  • In the introduction, describe what it would mean to live a life that is consistent with what you know to be real. Be sure to formulate your answer in a main claim/thesis that outlines a metaphysical account of reality and an epistemological account of how we know that reality.
  • In the body of your essay, provide an argument supported by textual evidence for your conception of a life lived in accordance with reality. Indicate what metaphysical and epistemological assumptions or principles would inform your way of life? Support your argument with textual evidence from a at least two author’s we read during the course. Be sure that all claims are supported by textual evidence, and that all direct and indirect references to an author or text are properly cited.
  • In the response to objections section, raise and respond to at least one objection to your main claim regarding what constitutes a life lived in accordance with reality.
  • In the conclusion, think through the consequences of understanding your life in the way you have described and how would your life be different from the way it is now.

Writing homework on Machiavelli and Morality

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Need help with my writing homework on Machiavelli and Morality. Write a 1250 word paper answering; Machiavelli dedicated the first half of the book to assess different kinds of principalities, with examples drawn from classical and modern history to expose political strategies that worked for the rulers. In the then political culture, he contends that the Prince can only rule over hereditary principalities when he conquers particular principalities of interest or sets up a colony in that territory. This is arguably a case of pure lack of morality on the ruler’s part as he or she would deny the people of the conquered territory of their hard-earned political freedom.

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As Berlin (1) noted, Machiavelli arguably advocates for expanding the territory to another principality in his advice that the Prince must use force and or violence to remove the culture and institutions of influence which the previous Prince depended on in that principality. He adds that the amoral, violent way is the only deterrent to a rebellion that might be staged by the remaining elements. Machiavelli proceeds to cite the successes of the Romans as the fruits of this conquest strategy. By failing to criticize the willingness to annex new territories via conquest and his reference to the confrontation that follows such annexations as very normal and ordinary, Machiavelli arguably advocates for the amoral political world.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fUlGtrHCGzs

. To demonstrate his point, he particularly looks at Alexander the Great positively as he extends the praise to his foot soldiers whose support enabled him to control the principalities they annexed (Berlin 1). And in justifying the degree of amoral ways of governance, most probably to remain well reasoned, he differentiates between ruling people who had been under the control of a dictator and those who had been previously freer and more autonomous. Machiavelli argues that populations who had been subject to the adversities of absolute power would be more difficult to turn towards a new center of influence. Still, upon their conquering, their loyalty would be guaranteed by the same system of governance established by the previous rulers.

Assignment two

Write 5 pages thesis on the topic a clockwork orange by anthony burgess. While trying to rob a rich lady he ends up getting in jail where he gets convicted for the murder of the women. In order to incorporate a sense of positive behavior inside him, the authorities make him go through a treatment, which makes him sick with even the thought of committing a crime. By the end of the book, the treatment is reversed, however, if he`s been a conformist, the results would have had a positive influence. In this context, the behavioral dimensions explicated by Alex can be understood with reference to Freud`s analysis of civilization and its discontents. Freud (70) states that kindness is the highest form of the exhibition of super-ego which suppresses one`s desire to inflict aggression. Therefore, Alex is in conflict with the civilization due to his deep-rooted inclination towards aggression, where he seeks pleasure and satisfaction by inflicting violence and committing sins due to the super-ego element in his conscience, and thus he goes to the extent of committing suicide.

The first sign pointing towards the proposition that Alex is at odd with the civilization is his tastes and natural inclinations, which are completely opposite to what a conformist would prefer. This argument must not be confused with the criminal mindset, since even a conformist could have a criminal mindset but for different reasons. According to Freud (34), the civilizations have flawed standards of measurement i.e. power, wealth, or in a few cases prestige with the long term aim to enhance one`s social position in the society. On the other hand, in the case of Alex, he isn`t deeply indulged in criminal activities to enhance his status in society, rather due to the opposite sense of reasoning. He aims at maintaining his aggressive sense of self to seek satisfaction and to attain pleasure. This state of consciousness can be&nbsp.traced in Freud’s line of reasoning as the severity of super-ego which in the case of Alex isn`t dominated by society`s sense of right and wrong.&nbsp.