Complete 2 pages APA formatted article: Hard Bob, Funky, Gospel Jazz Music. Black Gospel Music or Soul Jazz emerged from the ashes of the African American slave culture, which was musically expressed through spiritual songs about freedom and their homeland in Africa. The slave songs of long ago had a particular rhythm and melody that resembled much of Western African native music. These “spirituals,” combined with earlier hymns and performances of post-slavery days, developed the Black Gospel Music. Gospel Music by that time was already a renowned genre, but there were contextual and cultural variations within its scope, one of which was the Black rendition. Generally, however, Gospel Music themes covered areas of Christian religious worship, praise and thanksgiving to the Holy Trinity. There were several main characteristic of Black Gospel Music that distinguished it from other Gospels. Throughout the years since its development, many artists have also sprung and they not only contributed to its development, but took this particular subgenre into the next level.

Black Gospel, also called Urban Contemporary Gospel, like the mainstream genre it belonged to, sought to express the collective Christian beliefs of the community. It was deemed the Christianized version of the mainstream modern music of the earlier half of the 20th century. Though the themes were somewhat fixed, the main characteristics of this subgenre changed throughout the years. Tempo and beat often differed according to the taste of the artists and the particular music era they belonged to. For instance, in the early years of its conception (1920s-1940s), Thomas A. Dorsey, the “Father of Gospel Music, along with pioneer singers Willie Mae Ford Smith and Sallie Martin, popularized Black Gospel by mixing elements of Blues or Spirituals with the Christian religious experience (Petrie). With “happiness” as the prime element in testifying a religious experience, there was a good deal of dancing (mainly employing the Boogie-Woogie style to the accompaniment of Jazz instruments). In the 1930s, the religiosity of Gospel Music mingled with political and social commentaries as popularized by male groups called quartets, who usually sang A Cappella and in jubilee style. Unlike the less lively hymns of the 20s, groups such as the Soul Stirrers and the Golden Gate Quartet blended more melodies in their songs, giving them a playful rhythm as well as more social significance (i.e. background music for the civil rights movement) (Petrie. Warner 35-6). The 30s also saw the rise of creative Gospel singers like Sister Rosetta Tharpe, who performed at night clubs to spread the word of God in the dark corners of society. By using a guitar for a rock and roll accompaniment instead of the jazz instruments used in the 20s, her style slightly deviated from Dorsey’s. Instruments may also vary according to the era, artist and subgenre, but drums, bass guitar, guitar, brass horns, tambourines, keyboard, piano, organ and violin were generally the instruments used (Saylor). These instruments were still used in off-shoot genres like Hard Bop and Soul Jazz.

Dorsey sowed the seeds of stardom for the greatest Gospel singers of all time, among which included “The King and Queen of Gospel” such as James Cleveland and Mahalia Jackson. By the 40s onwards, their stars were ripe enough to harvest and they were inspiration of contemporary soul singers. Younger audiences, however, found groovy and bouncy beats from siblings BeBe and CeCe Winans and Take 6 more appealing. Later, in the 80s and 90s, choirs began to replace quartets, thus increasing playful syncopation and harmonious tunes (Petrie).

Gospel Music, despite its religious flavor, had a widespread influence on other musical genres such as Hard Bop, Soul Jazz and Funk. Hard Bop, popular around the 50s-60s, mainly used the piano and saxophone as accompaniment though themes were not necessarily religious. There were usually nonets and quintets in Hard Bop (“Introduction”). From this genre developed Soul Jazz, which still retained the marks of Gospel Music, Blues and Rhythm and Blues. Like its predecessor, Soul Jazz was usually performed in small groups such as the organ trio. Funk, a 60s popular genre, stemmed from Soul Jazz and focused on guitar and bass rhythms (“Who started”).

Works Cited

“Introduction.” Hardbop.tripod.com. The Hard Bop Homepage, n.d. Web. 7 June 2010. Petrie, Phil. “The History of Gospel Music.” Afgen.com. Afgen, n.d. Web. 7 June 2010. Saylor, Stephen. “Gospel Music Characteristics.” eHow.com. eHow, n.d. Web. 7 June 2010. Warner, Jay. American Singing Groups: A History from 1940s to Today. Milwaukee: Billboard Books, 2006. Print.

“Who Started Funk Music?” Realmusicforum.com. Real Music Forum, n.d. Web. 7 June 2010.

Need help with my writing homework on Freedom Writers by Erin Gruwell. Write a 750 word paper answering; I believe that the most important fact that she has raised is that students ‘at risk’ is not only a misnomer but displays the inability of the system to understand the more complex nature of man. I believe that the most important fact that she has raised is that students ‘at risk’ is not only a misnomer but displays the inability of the system to understand the more complex nature of man. Education serves as the most effective platform to introduce changes within the social fabric of countries across the world. The 21st century epitomizes increasing nature of pluralistic society and brings in its wake the huge challenges that must be met collectively. Development of a new social order, which would not only embrace multicultural values but help forge a universal bond to transcend national and religious boundaries, has become vital for peaceful co-existence. Consequently, academia across the world, especially the educational curriculum needs to undergo a far-reaching transformation so that our children can effectively meet the needs of the changing times.

&nbsp.Entry 6 Gruwell in the entry speaks of her beliefs and trust in her students. Her innovative philosophy of learning and learning modalities have taken the teaching from the classroom to the real life arena of human life which is full of adversities and hope to surmount them. To teach compassion, tolerance, love, and understanding, she took her children to Museum of Tolerance in Los Angeles and also showed them the place where the courageous Anne Frank had hidden from the Nazi soldiers in Germany. She had brought them face to face with Holocaust survivors. The tremendous effort put by Gruwell to inculcate hope and zest for life amongst her ‘at risk’ students is an example of exemplary leadership that thrives on challenges and who takes them as opportunities to transform the world. All her 150 students, who were once considered ‘special’ and ‘at risk’, have gone on to become successful in different spheres of life. Gruwell’s philosophy, though nothing new in content, is amazing in its application of putting theory into practice. Very few educational leaders are able to challenge the authority and stand firm against the rigidity of the system to incorporate a more purposeful and dynamic strategy of teaching. I agree with Gruwell that we need to evolve a more empathetic curriculum that is able to connect with the students in the contemporary dynamics of changing values.

Write 10 pages with APA style on Classical Films vs. Art Films. Two significant cinematographic modes defined by the methods of studio production and compliance with a set of related standards are classical Hollywood cinema and art film. Form the body of related research literature, it becomes clear that classical Hollywood cinema mode is that resting upon the set of traditions and stylistic devices descending for the Classical era of cinematography. Classical mode is distinguished by restricted ambiguity and uncertainty, resolution of the crises and moral dilemmas by the end of the narrative, visibility of causal relationships. This approach is marked by the technical means’ subordination to presentation of events and by decreased value of the motion picture as an artefact: it is the content of the narrative that draws primary attention, with the plot-related questions emerging in the viewers’ minds. Development of the narrative is usually logical, clear and occurs in the chronological order, while the scenes are glued together seamlessly creating a smooth flow supported by appropriate music scores. The described characteristics of the classical cinema mode are derived from the function cinema is expected to perform within this mode: classical Hollywood cinematographic products are intended to entertain the audience, with the key stress being placed on action. In order to insure completion of this task, production process uses technical aspects such as lighting, mise-en-scene, music score and cinematographic properties making the comprehension of the narration easier.

Write 4 pages thesis on the topic argument of definition: is global warming a problem. Stephen Schneider, an alarmist and a professor of environmental studies, supported that humans are the main reason for the global warming. However, Richard Lindzen, a skeptic and a professor of atmospheric sciences believed that the current warming trend is because of natural variability where the planet goes through phases of cooling, and the contribution of human is minimal. He claimed that the Earth is always getting colder and warmer as evidenced by any fluid-covered planet (Tanneeru 1). Therefore, definition of natural cycle has resulted to several disagreements.

.According to natural cycle, Ice core depicts displays that there have been repeated cooling and heating events long before human activities were significant. In addition, changes in temperature precede changes in carbon dioxide with a lag of over 800 years. Global warming is a naturally occurring process. therefore, trying to interfere in the process may cause consequences. The globe cooled between 1940 and 1975 whereas the consumption of fuel rose drastically. Therefore, the earth should have warmed if its reality those carbon dioxide emissions from the use of fuel are a cause of global warming. However, the definition illustrated is not mutual since the current occurrence of global warming is due to high levels of greenhouse gases from human activities.

Natural cycle depicts human beings have a minimum effect on the earth. The dry land, where humans live, computes to only 20% of the earth’s surface. The remaining 80% is water. Water dissolves carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide is denser than air and settles at the base where it is accessible to be dissolved by seawater and rain. Therefore, it is evident that human activities do not cause global warming (Wang and Bill 3). However, the emerging disagreement is that the cycle is not continuous and it is unreliable.

Write 4 pages thesis on the topic argument of definition: is global warming a problem. Stephen Schneider, an alarmist and a professor of environmental studies, supported that humans are the main reason for the global warming. However, Richard Lindzen, a skeptic and a professor of atmospheric sciences believed that the current warming trend is because of natural variability where the planet goes through phases of cooling, and the contribution of human is minimal. He claimed that the Earth is always getting colder and warmer as evidenced by any fluid-covered planet (Tanneeru 1). Therefore, definition of natural cycle has resulted to several disagreements.

.According to natural cycle, Ice core depicts displays that there have been repeated cooling and heating events long before human activities were significant. In addition, changes in temperature precede changes in carbon dioxide with a lag of over 800 years. Global warming is a naturally occurring process. therefore, trying to interfere in the process may cause consequences. The globe cooled between 1940 and 1975 whereas the consumption of fuel rose drastically. Therefore, the earth should have warmed if its reality those carbon dioxide emissions from the use of fuel are a cause of global warming. However, the definition illustrated is not mutual since the current occurrence of global warming is due to high levels of greenhouse gases from human activities.

Natural cycle depicts human beings have a minimum effect on the earth. The dry land, where humans live, computes to only 20% of the earth’s surface. The remaining 80% is water. Water dissolves carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide is denser than air and settles at the base where it is accessible to be dissolved by seawater and rain. Therefore, it is evident that human activities do not cause global warming (Wang and Bill 3). However, the emerging disagreement is that the cycle is not continuous and it is unreliable.