Question

COH 315: Principles of Epidemiology

Final Part 1

Calculations and Interpretations: Answer the following questions in the space provided. Show all of your work.

1. Evidence of an increased risk of lung cancer associated with cigarette smoking was sought by Doll and Hill. In one study, 649 lung cancer cases were matched by age, and gender to 649 controls; 647 of the cases and 622 of the control had a history of smoking cigarettes.

a. Name the type of study.

b. Create the appropriate 2X2 table for the study. (2 points)

Lung Cancer Controls

Smokers 647 622

Nonsmokers 2 27

Total 649 649

c. Calculate the appropriate measure of association for the study. (4 points)

d. Interpret the results. (2 points)

2. In another study, the smoking habits of 34,445 male physicians were obtained by mailed questionnaires. Deaths among these physicians over the subsequent years were identified though contact with the office of the Registrar General. The death rates from lung cancer of these physicians classified by smoking habits were :

Standardized Death Rates per 1000 Persons Aged 35 or More per Year

Nonsmokers 0.07

Cigarette Smokers 0.96

a. Name the type of study. (2 points)

b. Calculate the Relative Risk for smokers as compared to nonsmokers. (6 points)

c. Interpret the results (2 points)

Annual Death Rates per 100,000 Persons

Exposure Category Lung Cancer Coronary Heart Disease

Heavy Smokers 166 599

Nonsmokers 7 422

a. Calculate the relative risk from Lung Cancer Mortality for Heavy Smokers compared to non smokers. ( 4 points)

b. Calculate the attributable risk of Lung Cancer from smoking. (4 points)

c. Interpret the results. (2 points)

d. Calculate the percent attributable risk of Coronary Heart Disease due to smoking (4 points)

e. Interpret the results. (2 points)

3. Convert the following incidence rates to attributable risk using the additive model: (5 points)

Incidence Rates Relative Risks

Factor A Factor A

_ + _ +

Factor B – 3.0 9.0

_____________________________________ __________________________________

+ 15.0 21.00

4. Calculate the concordance rate for the following data: (5 points)

Twin 1

Has Leukemia Does Not Have Leukemia

Twin 2 Has Leukemia 14 1

Does Not Have Leukemia 26 36

Need this assignment done-

there are 2 parts- one-

Complete the GUIDES template during Weeks 1-4 as you learn about the economic indicators. You can

find all required economic data at Trading Economics (http://www.tradingeconomics.com). TIP: To locate

economic indicators not found on the main landing page, click the “Indicators” drop down menu at the top

of the page to view the full list of available indicators.

Week 1:

• Complete section G (GDP & Growth) of the GUIDES template.

• Complete section U (Unemployment & Utilization) of the GUIDES template.

Week 2:

• Complete section I (Inflation & Interest rates) of the GUIDES template.

Week 3:

• Complete section D (Debt & Deficits) of the GUIDES template.

• Complete section E (External balances & Exchange rates) of the GUIDES template.

Week 4:

• Complete section S (Saving & Investment) of the GUIDES template.

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Part 2: Analysis Report (Week 4)

Analyze your research findings and develop a 3-4 page report for your supervisor. Include the following

information:

1. Describe the economic state of the country.

o Describe the overall economic health and trends.

o What are the specific indicators that drove your assessment of this country’s economic

condition?

o Which economic indicator(s) do you think is the most important when considering the impact

on your company’s division? Why?

2. Describe the current business cycle and its implications.

o What stage of the business cycle is the country in? What are the historical trends? (long-term

expansion, volatile cycles, etc.)

o What does this imply for the growth of your company?

o What stage of the business lifecycle is your company and industry in?

o How would you recommend positioning the company at the present time to monopolize on

current conditions? Would you change that positioning in the near future? (i.e. increase

investment to take advantage of low interest rates, use opportunity to source talent, etc.)

3. What specific economic indicators do you recommend continuing to monitor closely and why?

o What strategic insight will these indicators provide?

o How frequently do you need to monitor them for changes?

4. Informal bibliography

o Cite your data sources in a format appropriate for any business or academic setting.

Your assignment should follow these formatting requirements: and also it had to be written in the Professional format template atatched to this assignment.

• Typed, double-spaced, using Times New Roman font (size 12) with one-inch margins on all sides.

• Include a cover page containing the title of the assignment, the student’s name, the professor’s name,

course title, and date. The cover page and reference page are not included in the required page length.

thanks

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Select one (1) not-for-profit organization in an area of interest to you and review the financial statements and audit report for the organization. The financial statements and audit report of the not-for-profit organization should be readily and publically available on an active Website.

Write a three to five (3-5) page paper in which you:

1. Analyze the selected not-for-profit’s financial statements to determine if the statements conform to Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) guidance in Statement No. 117, Financial Statements of Not-for-Profit Organizations (FASB ASC 958-205-45). Explain the selected organization’s use of the three (3) fund categories. Recommend at least two (2) areas of potential interest to the stakeholder concerning the status of revenue and expenses.
2. Analyze the organization’s statement of cash flows. Explain the format that the organization utilizes, including any unique areas of emphasis that differ from-GAAP accounting format.
3. Compare the organization’s reporting of pledges and contributions to its reporting of exchange transactions. Discuss the funds that are utilized.
4. Assess the fiscal condition of the selected organization utilizing and interpreting financial indicators, using financial ratios that are widely accepted as being indicative of fiscal health. This assessment should also be expanded to include fund-raising analysis, program review, contributions, and grant analysis and revenue analysis.