A description of how the assessment tool or diagnostic test you were assigned is used in healthcare. What is its purpose? How is it conducted? What information does it gather? Based on your research, evaluate the test or the tool’s validity and reliability, and explain any issues with sensitivity, reliability, and predictive values. Include references in appropriate APA formatting.

Many experts predict that genetic testing for disease susceptibility is well on its way to becoming a routine part of clinical care. Yet many of the genetic tests currently being developed are, in the words of the World Health Organization (WHO), of “questionable prognostic value.”
—Leslie Pray, PhD

Obesity remains one of the most common chronic diseases in the United States. As a leading cause of United States mortality, morbidity, disability, healthcare utilization and healthcare costs, the high prevalence of obesity continues to strain the United States healthcare system (Obesity Society, 2016).  More than one-third (39.8%) of U.S. adults have obesity (CDC, 2018). The estimated annual medical cost of obesity in the U.S. was $147 billion in 2008 U.S. dollars; the medical costs for people who are obese were $1,429 higher than those of normal weight (CDC, 2018).

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the rate of childhood obesity has tripled in the past 30 years, with an estimated 13.7 million children and adolescents considered obese (CDC, 2018). When seeking insights about a patient’s overall health and nutritional state, body measurements can provide a valuable perspective. This is particularly important with pediatric patients. Measurements such as height and weight can provide clues to potential health problems and help predict how children will respond to illness. Nurses need to be proficient at using assessment tools, such as the Body Mass Index (BMI) and growth charts, in order to assess nutrition-related health risks and pediatric development while being sensitive to other factors that may affect these measures. Body Mass Index is also used as a predictor for measurement of adult weight and health.

Assessments are constantly being conducted on patients, but they may not provide useful information. In order to ensure that health assessments provide relevant data, nurses should familiarize themselves with test-specific factors that may affect the validity, reliability, and value of these tools.

This week, you will explore various assessment tools and diagnostic tests that are used to gather information about patients’ conditions. You will examine the validity and reliability of these tests and tools. You will also examine assessment techniques, health risks and concerns, and recommendations for care related to patient growth, weight, and nutrition.

Learning Objectives

Students will:

  • Evaluate validity and reliability of assessment tools and diagnostic tests
  • Analyze diversity considerations in health assessments
  • Apply concepts, theories, and principles related to examination techniques, functional assessments, and cultural and diversity awareness in health assessment
  • Apply assessment skills to collect patient health histories

Assignment 1: Case Study Assignment: Assessment Tools and Diagnostic Tests in Adults and Children

When seeking to identify a patient’s health condition, advanced practice nurses can use a diverse selection of diagnostic tests and assessment tools; however, different factors affect the validity and reliability of the results produced by these tests or tools. Nurses must be aware of these factors in order to select the most appropriate test or tool and to accurately interpret the results.

Not only do these diagnostic tests affect adults, body measurements can provide a general picture of whether a child is receiving adequate nutrition or is at risk for health issues. These data, however, are just one aspect to be considered. Lifestyle, family history, and culture—among other factors—are also relevant. That said, gathering and communicating this information can be a delicate process.

Photo Credit: Getty Images/Hero Images

For this Assignment, you will consider the validity and reliability of different assessment tools and diagnostic tests. You will explore issues such as sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values. You will also consider examples of children with various weight issues. You will explore how you could effectively gather information and encourage parents and caregivers to be proactive about their children’s health and weight.

To Prepare
  • Review this week’s Learning Resources and consider factors that impact the validity and reliability of various assessment tools and diagnostic tests. You also will review examples of pediatric patients and their families as it relates to BMI.
  • By Day 1 of this week, you will be assigned to one of the following Assignment options by your Instructor: Adult Assessment Tools or Diagnostic Tests (option 1), or Child Health Case (Option 2). Note: Please see the “Course Announcements” section of the classroom for your assignments from your Instructor.
  • Search the Walden Library and credible sources for resources explaining the tool or test you were assigned. What is its purpose, how is it conducted, and what information does it gather?
  • Also, as you search the Walden library and credible sources, consider what the literature discusses regarding the validity, reliability, sensitivity, specificity, predictive values, ethical dilemmas, and controversies related to the test or tool.
  • If you are assigned Assignment Option 2 (Child), consider what health issues and risks may be relevant to the child in the health example.
    • Based on the risks you identified, consider what further information you would need to gain a full understanding of the child’s health. Think about how you could gather this information in a sensitive fashion.
    • Consider how you could encourage parents or caregivers to be proactive toward the child’s health.
The Assignment

Assignment (3–4 pages, not including title and reference pages):

Assignment Option 1: Adult Assessment Tools or Diagnostic Tests:
Include the following:

  • A description of how the assessment tool or diagnostic test you were assigned is used in healthcare.
    • What is its purpose?
    • How is it conducted?
    • What information does it gather?
  • Based on your research, evaluate the test or the tool’s validity and reliability, and explain any issues with sensitivity, reliability, and predictive values. Include references in appropriate APA formatting.

Assignment Option 2: Child Health Case:
Include the following:

  • An explanation of the health issues and risks that are relevant to the child you were assigned.
  • Describe additional information you would need in order to further assess his or her weight-related health.
  • Identify and describe any risks and consider what further information you would need to gain a full understanding of the child’s health. Think about how you could gather this information in a sensitive fashion.
  • Taking into account the parents’ and caregivers’ potential sensitivities, list at least three specific questions you would ask about the child to gather more information.
  • Provide at least two strategies you could employ to encourage the parents or caregivers to be proactive about their child’s health and weight.

Explore the advantages and disadvantages of surveys in terms of cost, ease, and impact on students. Explore the advantages and disadvantages of focus groups in terms of cost, ease, and impact on students. Explore the advantages and disadvantages of interviews in terms of cost, ease, and impact on students.

Indirect Assessment Methods

Supporting Lecture:

Review the following lecture:

  • Indirect Measures

Before beginning work on this discussion forum, please review the link Doing Discussion Questions Right, the expanded grading rubric for the forum, and any specific instructions for this topic.

Indirect assessment explores how individuals feel or perceive a particular situation. While many faculty and administrators in higher education employ a combination of indirect assessment methods, common choices are surveys, focus groups, and interviews.

From the bullet point list below, select one topic for which you will lead the discussion in the forum this week. Early in the week, reserve your selected topic by posting your response (reservation post) to the Discussion Area, identifying your topic in the subject line. Be specific about your topic so that someone else could select the same bullet point but focus their post differently. By the due date assigned, research your topic and start a scholarly conversation as you respond with your initial or primary post to your own reservation post in the Discussion Area. Make sure your response does not duplicate your colleagues’ responses.

  • Explore the advantages and disadvantages of surveys in terms of cost, ease, and impact on students.
  • Explore the advantages and disadvantages of focus groups in terms of cost, ease, and impact on students.
  • Explore the advantages and disadvantages of interviews in terms of cost, ease, and impact on students.

Additionally, provide a brief paragraph describing a personal or professional experience where you participated in an indirect assessment—survey, focus group, or individual interview—and explain how that experience impacted your understanding of the material this week.

As the beginning of a scholarly conversation, your initial post should be:

  • Succinct—no more than 500 words.
  • Provocative—use concepts and combinations of concepts from the readings to propose relationships, causes, and/or consequences that inspire others to engage (inquire, learn). In other words, take a scholarly stand.
  • Supported—scholarly conversations are more than opinions. Ideas, statements, and conclusions are supported by clear research and citations from course materials as well as other credible, peer-reviewed resources.

******* Please include citations to justify your premises. The general rule is one citation per paragraph.

******Cite from your course text in addition to outside/relevant scholarly resources.

article Current Debates about the Factors Shaping the Selection and Production of News. The work is to be 7 pages with three to five sources, with in-text citations and a reference page.

I will pay for the following article Current Debates about the Factors Shaping the Selection and Production of News. The work is to be 7 pages with three to five sources, with in-text citations and a reference page. This critical review seeks to establish the current forces that govern the selection and production of news. Some of the current issues that have attracted a heated debate in the British mass media are the increased focus on poverty and misery, crime, and social ills in the health sector (Couldry, et al 2010).

The increase in the number of rivals in the United Kingdom media market has resulted in fierce battles for attention from television viewers, newspaper readers, and radio listeners. In the wake of increased internet coverage in many places, competition increases as social media also occupy a pivotal role in informing the general public. Social media have become a firsthand source of information, resulting in an intense rivalry with traditional media like newspapers. Therefore, the media are fighting for the attention of the public since their life is at stake. In their endeavor to survive in such a saturated and competitive market, the media is more and more venturing into other tactics like entertainment, instilling fear through crime reportage, and mongering news on scandals (Curran & Seaton, 2009). Such news is always under-researched and uninformed as media houses survival tactics.

The current selection of news criteria is no longer on ideologies. the media seek to increase viewership and readership for their opinions on entertainment value. Media experts express their views on the power that the media has on people’s attitudes. People have a tendency of reading selectively to what they previously concur with and rationalize their attitudes in the face of divergent arguments. Curran & Seaton (2009) notes that the mass media has little impact to alter people’s attitudes on aspects for which, they had previously formed an influential opinion. However, Curran and Seaton note that the media has an insightful impact in setting agendas and priming people on fresh issues. The manner in which an issue is framed determines how it is discussed. The ripple effect is that the discussion causes a social problem that is blamed on. News production usually goes through various steps namely sources and informants, newsagents, reporters, news agencies journalists, and editors.

Sanxingdui Site. The work is to be 2 pages with three to five sources, with in-text citations and a reference page.

I will pay for the following article Sanxingdui Site. The work is to be 2 pages with three to five sources, with in-text citations and a reference page.

This article gives a review summary of the main concerns and the history of sanxingdui (Zhao 5). The findings of archaeology show that sanxingdui was a hub that had prospered culturally and was as well very developed in prehistoric China. The bonanza is a representation of the highest credentials of the culture of Sanxingdui. It is also a discovery by the archaeologists that is unmatched in reference to the quality, quantity diversity and academic value of the find. This is in reference to the other sites within Sichuan province. Discovering Sanxingdui brings light to the long-forgotten mysteries hidden within remote antiquity. &nbsp.Birds and fish dual representation is another motif that is decorative and appears on top of the artefacts of Sanxingdui. The province Sichuan, initially, in ancient China, was referred to as Shu. The people of Shu used to stay in south-western border regions of China. The most ancient clan in the Shu kingdom to make an established regime was in Cancong (Zhao 8).

During the 1929 spring, Yan Daocheng, a peasant man, according to sources in China, dug a pit filled with artefacts and jade beside his house when he was repairing sewage ditches near his house. It was noted that the artefacts have strong and unique features endemic to the Shu legendary land. Several archaeologists conducted excavations from the 1930s however it was in vain because there were no fields yielded that were significant. However, the two sacrificial pits detected in 1986 July- September, were the first breakthrough. This resulted in treasure house opening and bringing to light cultural gems that dazzled (Zhao 5).

Some five hundred bronzes found in Sanxingdui are attractions that are very enchanting to visitors and tourists that come. The shapes of the bronze include the divine trees of bronze, a human figure, animal-face and human-face. These bronze masks symbolise the trove specimens. The trove majorly is made up of utensils used for ritual or religious purposes and some bronze used to practice daily. Looking at it from features that determine it, they can be categorised into three. The trove representatives are the first. the images of the hosts of the rituals are their external appearances, the icons or participants of idolatry and fabricated in line with needs of a scarification process that are practical. Bronzes shaped like mythological plants or animals for instance tiger, dragon, roost, snake, fruit, tree and bird are the second type. Finally, the third type consists of almost twelve utensils meant for ritual. for instance lei, pan (plate) and zun (Zhao 12).

Create a thesis and an outline on The People Have Never Stopped Dancing: Native American Modern Histories by Jacqueline Shear Murphy. Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the APA Style Guide.

I need help creating a thesis and an outline on The People Have Never Stopped Dancing: Native American Modern Histories by Jacqueline Shear Murphy. Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the APA Style Guide. An abstract is required. Dance exists in manifold contexts thus there is a tension between studying it at depth and doing it within its wider and immediate contexts. The study of the background history of dances goes way back to prehistoric times since through doing this is when researchers are able to trace the gradual changes that it has undergone. Dance can be referred to as the moving of one’s body part rhythmically or in a specific pattern which in most cases is done in the accompaniment of music. This can also be defined as a pattern of movement using improvised gestures and steps. Dance is done for musical enjoyment especially when someone is excited and wants to express their particular state. Dance can also be done to express one’s sentimental feelings.

There are many different types of dances in the modern world and all these types of dance are used to express what an individual or a group of people feel about a certain situation. Dance can be used to express contentment and in most cases, this can be seen when an individual has undergone a particular situation that calls for a celebration like passing an exam, a football team has won the match, or when one has won the lotto. It is not very clear for one to state when dance became part of the human culture because there are no specific artifacts that one can use to make claims. There are many stories of how people used to celebrate in the medieval era but in all these stories there are no clear indications of whether people used to dance or not thus the background history of dancing still remains unknown to date.

Dance has been considered as a very important part of any given ceremony both in the modern world and in the previous years before civilization. Even though there is no such evidence of dance in the pre-historic times concerning dance, people have always known about dances and this has happened naturally due to the fact that people have always been performing rituals and celebrations. Some archaeological sites in parts of India and Egypt tend to depict images of dancing people with claims that they were in existence in approximately 3300 BC thus this means that the art of dancing has come a long way and human beings have been embracing it naturally.

Write a 5 pages paper on are reasons and emotion equally necessary in justifying moral decisions.

Write a 5 pages paper on are reasons and emotion equally necessary in justifying moral decisions. The reason is an important way of learning according to TOK. Reason refers to the faculty of the human mind that creates and operates with abstract concepts (Wikipedia). The reasoning is the technique used by most philosophers to arrive at the truth. In the story The Foolish Friend1 the king groomed a monkey to be his most trustworthy and natural companion. One day when the king asked the monkey to take ensure nothing disturbed while he slept, the monkey kept strict vigilance. After some time the monkey found a bee hovering over his master and disturbing him. The monkey could not allow this common creature to bite the king before his eyes. Blinded by anger, the monkey drew his sword and struck down the bee with a single blow. Unfortunately, the same blow also split the king’s head. No explanation given by the monkey made any effect on anyone. He was shunned by everyone. This experience made them learn from reasoning that “It is better to have a clever enemy than a foolish friend.” Thus reasons help to analyze the situation deeply and to take decisions accordingly. The reason is not automatic. Those who deny it cannot be conquered by it. Do not count on them. Leave them alone” said Ayn Rand2.

Emotion comes from a person’s heart like the relation between a mother and her child. She does not look for a reason to love him or her. In some societies, emotion has a stronger effect than reasons. For example, in uneducated societies such as villages and small-town people do not prefer to make analysis looking for reasons, instead, they prefer to take to first decisions come to their minds or according to their cultures without further thinking. In countries like Syria, people react according to what their culture says. On the other hand, people who are educated and live in urban areas try to find reasons for their decisions and relations. The emotions aren’t always immediately subject to reason, but they are always immediately subject to action” said William James. For instance, the Turkish people kiss the hand of their elders (men and women) and let the hand touch their foreheads. Such a gesture may seem strange to those in the developed nations but such actions have no reasoning. The Japanese greet each other with a bow which is strange for the Turkish people. Here emotions rule the traditions and reasoning has no place.

Provide a 4 pages analysis while answering the following question: Applications of Raman spectroscopy in drug design/development/formulation/manufacture chain. Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the APA Style Guide. An abstract is required. There are two main types of Ramon spectrometer namely the dispersive and the Fourier Transform (FT) types (Henson & Lowry, 2006). The best one to use depends upon what samples need to be analyzed.

Provide a 4 pages analysis while answering the following question: Applications of Raman spectroscopy in drug design/development/formulation/manufacture chain. Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the APA Style Guide. An abstract is required. There are two main types of Ramon spectrometer namely the dispersive and the Fourier Transform (FT) types (Henson & Lowry, 2006). The best one to use depends upon what samples need to be analyzed.

Raman spectroscopy is being used in numerous fields including the pharmaceutical, the carbon and diamond industry, material science, gemology, geology and mineralogy and in forensic science (http://www.renishaw.com/en/raman-spectroscopy-applications–6259 accessed at 13:45 on 28/4/2010). It is so widely used that it even has a journal called the ‘Journal of Raman spectroscopy dedicated to articles relating to the use of this technique (http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/3420/home accessed at 7:02 on 28/4/2010). In this essay, the focus will be on the pharmaceutical industry. Raman spectroscopy is used in drug design, development, formulation and in the manufacture chain. However, the focus as of now will be on how Raman spectroscopy aids in drug development. Numerous examples will be provided to illustrate cases where this technique was used effectively in the development of various drugs.

One of the main applications of Raman spectroscopy in the development of drugs is in the analysis of polymorphs (Henson & Lowry, 2006). Polymorphs are compounds that exist in more than one crystalline form and can be differentiated based on dissimilarities in their physical and chemical properties (Henson & Lowry, 2006). Maintaining control of the polymorphic stage of a compound is essential to development of drugs due to the differences in the different states (Hassan et al, 2008). A good example of this is in the case of a drug called Salmeterol Xinofoate which is used in the treatment of obstructive airway diseases. This drug exists in two forms, I and II of which I is stable and II is not as stable.

Write 10 pages with APA style on Impacts of Pollution and Globalization in Los Angeles. “Los Angeles has three of the top 10 most polluted zip codes in California: East LA, Vernon, and Baldwin Park. That’s according to a&nbsp.new interactive map&nbsp.released by the California Environmental Protection Agency Tuesday.” (Most Polluted Zip Codes Are In LA, The Huffington Post)

Write 10 pages with APA style on Impacts of Pollution and Globalization in Los Angeles. “Los Angeles has three of the top 10 most polluted zip codes in California: East LA, Vernon, and Baldwin Park. That’s according to a&nbsp.new interactive map&nbsp.released by the California Environmental Protection Agency Tuesday.” (Most Polluted Zip Codes Are In LA, The Huffington Post)

This issue is being reported because pollution has completely damaged the structure of the city and its effects are tremendous. “Chemical, air, water and soil pollution has ruined the environment, causing premature deaths, spoiling the world’s resources and worsen climate change.” (9 Polluted places of the world, The Huffington Post).

The quality of the atmosphere and environment is one of the most attractive and tempting features of any city. The environment is made up of natural as well as manmade things which together build up state fundamental characteristics. The effects of pollution on the city are very controversial. It can damage and dent the city’s environmental conditions resulting in a disaster that can further damage the city’s as well as the country’s natural and manmade resources. Pollution has tremendous impacts for instance it can rupture the tourism within the city causing a major dent in the economy. Furthermore, it affects the quality of life, causes a shortage of food and other requirements hence resulting in a disaster that completely ruins the infrastructure of the place.

The emission of NOX is badly damaging the Californian coast. (Scott, 2012) This particularly deals with the marine emission that has damaged Los Angeles brutally. This text explains the damages and the adverse effects of pollution.

Life in Los Angeles is very expensive. Being a densely populated city, traffic is one of the major problems that are damaging the environment. Los Angeles has already been labeled as one of the most polluted places in the United State of Americas and therefore the constantly increasing traffic adds more to the damage that has already been&nbsp.caused. Tourism in such a region adds more burdens on the traffic and pollution. Los Angeles is mostly dependent on cars, therefore, most of the transport-related activities cause a lot of pollution.&nbsp.

write an article on Should the United Kingdom remain in the European Union. It needs to be at least 1750 words.

Hello, I am looking for someone to write an article on Should the United Kingdom remain in the European Union. It needs to be at least 1750 words.

The UK joined European Union in 1973 and has remained sceptical of the common currency that has now threatened the competitiveness of the EU economy due to the high sovereign debts of the member states (Pilkington, 2001). UK has sought to exert more influence within the EU to no avail and citizens have mixed reactions of whether the UK should leave the EU or continue with its memberships even after the British Prime Minister rejected the fiscal compact designed to save the future of the EU (Pilkington, 2001).

On the other hand, those in favour of continued membership in the EU assert that countries like Norway and Switzerland still abide by the EU rules without any influence on their formation. David Cameron is of the opinion that UK has participated in EU trade rules formation and thus leaving the EU will allow other countries to dictate the trade rules on UK without the capacity to participate in writing the rules. Thesis statement: the costs of the UK’s membership in the EU far outweigh the benefits and it is time to leave the EU.

Those in favour of the UK leaving the EU to assert that 90 per cent of UK trade does not depend on the EU yet the country is bound by EU rules on trade. In this case, the UK depends on small and medium enterprises for its job creation and economic growth and this sector should be freed from EU regulations (Newman, Sather & Woolgar, 2013). Bilateral trade agreements with emerging economies such as India, Brazil and China is possible through the World Trade Organisation and thus the UK will be capable of enjoying cheaper imports due to favourable and low tariffs associated with the bilateral trade arrangements especially in the food sector (Pilkington, 2001).

The current eurozone crisis is expected to continue for the next decade and the European Central Bank will be called upon to bail out some of the member states from the sovereign debt crisis. The UK is excluded from the euro meaning that it is less vulnerable&nbsp.to the Southern sovereign bonds (Minford& Nowell, 2005). Some argue that UK benefits from foreign direct investments and technology spillovers from the multinational firms from the EU region.&nbsp.

Develop a Focused SOAP Note, including differential diagnosis and critical-thinking process to formulate a primary diagnosis. Incorporate the following into the responses in the template: Subjective: What details did the patient provide regarding their chief complaint and symptomology to derive your differential diagnosis? What is the duration and severity of their symptoms? How are their symptoms impacting their functioning in life? Objective: What observations did you make during the psychiatric assessment?   Assessment: Discuss the patient’s mental status examination results. What were your differential diagnoses? Provide at least three possible diagnoses with supporting evidence, listed in order from highest priority to lowest priority. Compare the DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for each differential diagnosis and explain what DSM-5 criteria rules out the differential diagnosis to find an accurate diagnosis. Explain the critical-thinking process that led you to the primary diagnosis you selected. Include pertinent positives and pertinent negatives for the specific patient case.

Develop a Focused SOAP Note, including differential diagnosis and critical-thinking process to formulate a primary diagnosis. Incorporate the following into the responses in the template:

 

 

  • Subjective: What details did the patient provide regarding their chief complaint and symptomology to derive your differential diagnosis? What is the duration and severity of their symptoms? How are their symptoms impacting their functioning in life?
  • Objective: What observations did you make during the psychiatric assessment?
  • Assessment: Discuss the patient’s mental status examination results. What were your differential diagnoses? Provide at least three possible diagnoses with supporting evidence, listed in order from highest priority to lowest priority. Compare the DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for each differential diagnosis and explain what DSM-5 criteria rules out the differential diagnosis to find an accurate diagnosis. Explain the critical-thinking process that led you to the primary diagnosis you selected. Include pertinent positives and pertinent negatives for the specific patient case.
  • Plan: What is your plan for psychotherapy? What is your plan for treatment and management, including alternative therapies? Include pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic treatments, alternative therapies, and follow-up parameters, as well as a rationale for this treatment and management plan. Also incorporate one health promotion activity and one patient education strategy.
  • Reflection notes: What would you do differently with this patient if you could conduct the session again? Discuss what your next intervention would be if you could follow up with this patient. Also include in your reflection a discussion related to legal/ethical considerations (think beyond confidentiality and consent for treatment!), health promotion, and disease prevention, taking into consideration patient factors (such as age, ethnic group, etc.), PMH, and other risk factors (e.g., socioeconomic, cultural background, etc.).
  • Provide at least three evidence-based, peer-reviewed journal articles or evidenced-based guidelines that relate to this case to support your diagnostics and differential diagnoses. Be sure they are current (no more than 5 years old).