You will prepare and submit a term paper on Difference between Non-state Actor and a Nation-State Actor. Your paper should be a minimum of 1750 words in length. Territories that a government runs and have a permanent population.3 Nation-states are the most important actors in international relations, but non-state actors strongly influence them. Hence, nation-states actors are entities or organizations, which a government runs.4 Some of the state actors include elected leaders, diplomats, bureaucrats, militaries among others.

Non-state actors have the responsibility of checking state parties in all their actions. For instance, non-state actors such as NGOs which comprise civil societies scrutinize government policies to make sure they comply with provisions of human rights. Similarly, these non-state actors play the role of influencing policies and pressurizing the government to implement policies towards meeting its agenda.5 This is contrary to the role of the government, which has a role in making national policies and executing them for the benefit of the people.6 The two actors are different because of the role they play for the people. In the past decades, different civil societies have echoed their voices on the actions of state actors to influence change. For instance, civil societies echoed their voices when the death toll was rising in Egypt. As much as the Egyptian government was condoning and comfortable with the developments, non-state actors comprising international civil societies opposed the actions. This is an indication of the differences between the two actors.

State actors have their media that influences and passes information regarding developments as well as the activities of the nations. This is normally biased, as various governments do not want to expose the wrongs to the public or in the international area. Therefore, most of the wrongdoing of the government goes unreported. Nearly every country has its national broadcasting, which the government influences to get favor. On the other hand, non-state actors such as the media expose the nations concerning their wrongdoings. They have&nbsp.greater influence because they reach a larger audience compared to state actors. For instance, non-state actors such as CNN as an international media have exposed different nations on many occasions to influence their activities.

I need help creating a thesis and an outline on Friendship Relationships. Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the APA Style Guide. An abstract is required. It is essential that trusted individuals be part of a person’s company in order to enable him to survive this world.

God himself promoted the companionship of individuals by befriending the lonely Adam with Eve (Fairchild). Before her arrival, Adam was the only man that existed in the world. It was their friendship that led to the prosperity of the human race as a whole in the times to come.

Friendships could come at stake due to a number of factors. Glick & Rose have mentioned in their work that “youths with peer relationship problems are at risk for maladjustment. Likewise, social skills deficits could contribute to problems in friendships” (Glick & Rose, p.1117). The statement mentioned above narrates a very strong fact. It emphasizes that socializing is the key to prosperity not only for the personal needs of an individual but also for him to be able to survive in the corporate world out there. Establishment of friendly relations with peers often results in confidence-building eventually leading to the achievement of success in whatever fields concerned.

If a person befriends an individual who does not belong to his native cultural and ethnic background it is very likely that such a happening may result in the broadening of that individual’s perspectives and may become a source of the increase in his knowledge.

Cross-cultural friendships are often a source of an entry into a whole new world. These friendships often develop at the basic levels of elementary school. Studies suggest that cross-cultural friendships assist students greatly if they are formed those relationships during middle school (McGlothlin, Edmonds, & Killen, p.424).

Moreover, “Children, adolescents, and adults who effectively establish ethnically and racially diverse friendships and networks are better able to manage their social environments”(Tran & Lee, p.456). Thus, it may well be termed that cross-cultural friendship is a major source of the self-strengthening of an individual. The socializing of such an individual becomes a source of prosperity for his own cultural background related links as well as he is often able to understand them better after going through the exposure of a comparatively less familiar cultural and social background.

In comparison to the above mentioned thriving individuals, there are also those who are not very social and like to live within their own personality shells. Such individuals have not known to be successful in their practical ventures and often suffer from loneliness and anxiety. For example, a teenager who fails to establish sound relations with his peer may develop smoking habits, alcoholism, drug abuse etcetera in response to the anguish that he feels within himself. Moreover, those who are reluctant in establishing positive relations with others may develop emotional problems. I found an interview which was taken by Bella Shaw of Time. Warner Local Edition, Robin Felton discusses the importance of friendship on special need children she said “Friendship Circle brings to the lives of special needs children. Through a full range of activities – home visits, sports, gymnastics, music, rock climbing, camp and much more “. Hence it may be deduced that healthy friendship is a sign of successful upbringing of individuals.

Though there are innumerable benefits of befriending individuals there can be certain cons associated with friendships as well. Making friends may sometimes become a threat if friends are not chosen wisely. If a person who does not have a positive reputation befriends you, you are more likely to suffer because of his bad habits as they might get inculcated within your own self too.

On a broader perspective, however, it is essential to realize that the survival of individuals is possible only if they befriend others around them. Adding to this the famous quotation goes that ‘A friend in need is a friend indeed!’ reaffirming the faith in a friendship that a true friend is one who would always be available to assist his friends no matter what the circumstances.

Since times unknown the prose and poetry of man has revolved around the essence of friendship. One of the latest of these additions is the following excerpt from Singer Mariah Carey’s song:

Anytime you need a friend,

I will be here.

Youll never be alone again,

So don’t you fear?

Even if you’re miles away,

I’m by your side.

So don’t you ever be lonely.

Love will make it alright.

Ideally speaking, the above prose signifies the true and pure essence of friendship highlighting the same fact that we threw light upon above that a true friend is one who is selfless and is thus a companion to you in times of need and loneliness.

Conclusively it may be said that friendship is one of the kindest relationships created by God. When treated wisely friendship is enough to become the cause of success of an individual and to face all odds of life.

Write a 2 pages paper on comprehensive school health program. Comprehensive School Health Program Affiliation Comprehensive School Health Program Comprehensive school health program is a part of the school reform that seeks to eliminate or reduce health related barriers to personal and student academic success. Comprehensive school health programs are created to reinforce health-promoting activities and offer the skills students need to avoid the undesirable health practices. According to the United States Department of Health and Human Services, CSHP is developed to handle six risk behaviors that are causing premature morbidity and mortality among young persons across the nation. The negative behaviors affect health and the subsequent capacity for both academic and personal success during the adolescence years and into adulthood. The six major risk behaviors are tobacco use, sexual behaviors, behaviors resulting from intentional and unintentional injuries, alcohol, and other drug use, and physical inactivity (NMSA Research Summary n.d).

Since the high-risk behaviors usually arise from the interactions between individuals and circumstances outside and within the students school experience, it is critical to enlist agencies, persons, and organizations to handle these behaviors. Based on this, comprehensive school health programs tackle the health needs within the environment of the students living conditions and the local community. Eight interdependent components are included in CSHP. They are school environment, health education, food service programs, health services, physical activity and physical education, social services, counseling, psychology, worksite health promotion for staff, and integration of community resources. The components offer additional support, opportunities, and services that a number of students require to be successful.

The most recent alterations aimed at making school meals healthier have resulted in unintended results. First, as enrollment goes down, financial worries pile up. Many argue that some the new rules are too fast and too much that it drives students away from health meals. This is according to a spokeswoman for the nonprofit School Nutrition Association, Diane Pratt-Heavner. According to Pratt-Heavner, recent research has established that almost a quarter of schools reported their school programs run at a net loss. The said losses have been brought up by the district at the expense of education funds. The second controversial issue is that with the healthy foods on the menu, students have a choice between vegetables or fruits, but they do not have to eat them. Research shows that many students do not eat two out of the five lunch options offered in a day. According to the journal Public Health Nutrition over five hundred elementary school trays studied, students throw away a third of the grain, vegetables, and fruits (Minelli & Breckon 2009).

One of the most common budgetary constraint faced by most comprehensive school health programs is insufficient funds needed for evaluation. Often these programs and projects budgets are inadequate regarding the financial support they get. As a result, evaluation funds are usually relocated to other activities. The consequence of this is that the assessment designs are over simplified. It is a way in which schools find it easy to reduce the cost and time requirements that are associated with the valuation process. Oversimplification of evaluations, designs, and procedures of the CSHPs can result in the reciprocated controversies that are related to it. A decent example of an institute that implemented creative measures to tackle budget constraints is Woodland Hills School. The school was faced with budget shrinks and pension costs increasing. the institution had to come up with creative methods to raise funds to cater for the costs (Coyne 2013). One of the imaginative means applied is through fundraisers that the institution arranged in conjunction with the parents. However, since the school was not in a position to get more funds through fundraising, it had to come up with mean to do more with less money.

References

Coyne, J. (2013). Schools Districts getting more creative as Budgets Continue to Tighten. Pittsburgh Business Times. Available at: http://www.bizjournals.com/pittsburgh/print-edition/2013/04/05/school-districts-getting-more-creative.html

NMSA Research Summary. (n.d). Comprehensive School Health Programs. Available at http://www.ncmle.org/research%20summaries/ressum13.html

Minelli, M. J., & Breckon, D. J. (2009). Community Health Education: Settings, Roles, and Skills. London, U.K, Jones and Bartlet Publishers International.

I will pay for the following article Criminal Justice Studies: Why young people in the UK get drawn into gangs. The work is to be 32 pages with three to five sources, with in-text citations and a reference page. This particular research attempts to reveal the reasons for the high proportion of the young people in the UK is being engaged in criminal and offensive activities by joining gangs. In this context, the research attempts to determine the psychological factors that influence young people to join gangs. It is notable that the criminal and offensive people have unorthodox behavior. These people do not consider the widely acceptable ethical and moral values of life. Although, it is widely considered that gangs execute criminal and offensive activities through unethical and immoral ways. However, it is also worth mentioning that there are certain gangs across different parts of the world including the UK that do have moral objectives, but they execute the process in an unconventional manner. Moreover, it is prominent that social influence and stress also lead young individuals in the society to join gangs. The society that teaches young individuals regarding unethical and immoral concepts to the young people influences them significantly to conduct such criminal activities. Besides the aforementioned factors, it is also notable that the young individual, who have major financial liabilities, are also more likely to join gangs. This is because joining gangs provides scope or opportunity to the young people to earn money in a rapid manner.

In this respect, it is vital to understand the facts that are accountable for influencing the young people to join gangs. Correspondingly, the study would lead to the understanding of the root causes or reasons for joining gangs.

Hello, I am looking for someone to write an article on Cognitive Psychology. It needs to be at least 250 words. Cognitive Psychology Cognitive Psychology Chapter 9 Q The study by de Groot aimed at providing an understanding why chess masters play better compared to less-experienced players. Masters show a significant ability to reconstruct chess positions more perfectly than novice players do. Therefore, this tells that expertise lie in the immediate perceptual processing since like in the chess scenario it is here that the structuring of the game happens. In addition, alongside perceptual analysis as with all skills or expertise, lies an extensive cognitive apparatus accumulated over years of constant practice.

Q 2

Development enables individuals to gain greater amounts of cognitive effort to acquire domain-specific-knowledge, which happens in combination with intelligence as a process. Expertise is attributable to a meaningful organization of information and not related to possession of a high memory capacity. Development and expertise in sport or another skill are thus, an outcome of successful interaction of sociological, psychological, and biological constraints.

Q 3

Deliberate practice functions to improve performance by correcting errors and optimizing feedback. Therefore, deliberate practice comprises of training activities. Study conducted by de Groot (1965) provides evidence where individuals with higher skills in playing chess engaged in deliberate practice.

Q 4

A study by Carraher et al. (1985) provides an understanding that the transfer of skill can happen if individuals develop advanced strategies in a particular concept then they can transfer it to a given context.

Q 5

Edward Thorndike is the author of the theory of identical elements. The theory relates to determining the transfer of learning between a situation that is unfamiliar and one that is familiar by the number of elements that the two situations possess. Significance of this theory is that it provides instructional designers to design training, which leads to near transfer of skills.

Q 6

Mastery learning relates to the concept that teaching need to organize learning through ordered steps. Therefore, students must master the prerequisite steps to move to the next level. Mastery learning is an important educational strategy since it engages learners in multiple learning levels, instructional methods and cognitive thinking types.

Q 7

Intelligent tutoring system refers to a computer system that targets at providing customized and immediate feedback or instruction to learners, which need to happen without a human teacher intervening. It uses a number of computer technologies to provide effective and meaningful learning.

Chapter 10

Q 1

Inductive reasoning relates to a logical process in which there is a combination of multiple premises, all believed true most of the time to obtain a particular conclusion. For instance,.

Every eagle that I see at home has white feathers,

I see an eagle in the distance, and I am at home,

I conclude that the eagle has white feathers.

On the contrary, deductive reasoning is a reasoning type that goes from general to specific and bases on premises, which if are true then the reasoning is valid. For example,.

All mangoes are fruits,

All fruits grow on trees,

Therefore, all mangoes grow on trees.

Q 2

The two parts of a conditional logical statement are a hypothesis and a conclusion, which is an if-then statement and symbolized by P and Q. The two logical rules used for making inference states that the conditional is true unless the hypothesis leads to a false conclusion.

Q 3

Evans (1993) and Byrne (1989) demonstrated the effect of reasoning that focus on knowledge-rich conditionals. The kind of an interaction between belief and logical validity is certainly a robust occurrence on syllogistic reasoning.

Q 4

The Wason selection task refers to a logic puzzle, which involves four-card problem. A response is incorrect if it identifies a card, which does not need inversion or if it fails to identify a card that needs inversion. It is significance in logical reasoning is that it demonstrates the inconsistency of employing logical rules by individuals when the setting of the problem occurs in two different contexts but that have the same linkage between the facts.

Q 5

Permission interpretation of the conditional denotes an essential test case that concerns the logical boundary, and always receives rational treatment. It enables individuals to make permissible inferences in logical reasoning.

Q 6

Atmosphere hypothesis denotes the speculation that the errors in judging the validity of something occasionally originate from a bias that favors a rule on conclusion as valid if it has similar quantifiers. The hypothesis allows individuals to understand the categorical syllogism since the reasons for the credibility of syllogism are the repeating of some P and Q form.

Q 7

Mental model theory posits that the more models required for making deductive reasoning, the harder it is. It is significant in a deductive argument.

Q 8

Conservative focusing is one of the strategies identified by Bruner in attaining a concept. In this technique, testing of each attribute is by selecting a card, which is dissimilar from a focus card in only a single attribute. If the new card remains a positive instance, then the subjects recognize that the varied attribute does not form part of the concept. However, if the altered attribute produce a negative instance, then the attribute form part of the concept.

Q 9

Confirmation bias denotes interpreting or seeking evidence in a manner, which is partial to the existing beliefs, hypothesis, and expectations.

Q 10

Fugelsang and Dunbar (2005) discovered activations in left lateral region of the brain in participants. The left-lateralized activations reflected on inferential process of reasoning.

Chapter 11

Q 1

Gages case provided an understanding of the role of the frontal cortex, which is essential for higher order functions including language, reasoning, and social cognition. Therefore, his case demonstrated the involvement of frontal lobe in personality.

Q 2

It refers to the interpretation of the concept of probability and is an extension of propositional logic, which permits reasoning with hypotheses. Therefore, it is a point of contention between two schools of thought on probability, which explains its significance.

Q 3

Base rate neglect refers to the way in which individuals tend to ignore the background of frequencies when making inferences about probability. Conservatism is a condition of mind marked by a definite respect for the norm or by not liking a modification. Both base rate and conservatism points that errors occur in decision-making since human often make a quick judgment based on little information.

Q 4

The gambler’s fallacy denotes the belief that the likelihoods of something occurring with a fixed probability become lower or higher as the process is repetitive. Gambler’s fallacy is important in showing errors in the argument that people make.

Q 5

Framing effect connotes a phenomenon in which there is systematic alteration of the decisions that individuals make. Alterations are through the language used in formulating the options. Framing effect is significant in arriving at a decision that is common to all parties.

Q 6

The lateral habenula region of the brain is involved in the process of making decision.

Q 7

The Iowa Gambling Task is essential in evaluating emotion-based decision-making, particularly when humans face ambiguous contingencies, emotion-mediated information, and uncertain consequences.

Reference

Anderson, J. R. (2010). Cognitive Psychology and Its Implications: Seventh Edition. New York: Worth Publishing.