research paper on journalism and mass media in the uk. Needs to be 7 pages.

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Need an research paper on journalism and mass media in the uk. Needs to be 7 pages. Please no plagiarism. Bonnie Taylor started her performance as early as when she was at the age of 17. Bonnie Taylor is best known for her other works such as featuring in Jim Stainemen song, Total Eclipse Of The Heart, and Hold Out For A Hero. Her success in the industry has been great with her having the number-one albums on both sides of the Atlantic. Her performance has enabled her nomination to the Grammy Awards, has won the Yamaha World Song Festival, and sold over 20 million records in her music career (John and Taupin, 2004). She still continues to perform in many world tours and participate in live shows that she loves to best do. The journalism has worked well in achieving the attention of the audience due to the good lyrics that lifts up those who hear it. The reason for the composition of the song by the artist was to uplift the world through the song which the lyrics do.

The publication of the song was done in 2013 and released as a single by Celtic Swan records. The song was mainly composed with the aim of uplifting the world. The content of the song is on Tyler telling her love who she thought did not believe in love or region to just try to believe in her. Several amendments were made to the song so that it could well serve the purpose and portray well the message (Tragaki, 2004). The rules of song duration did not favor the song and to comply with these rules, the album version was divided into three minutes and three seconds each. This was to allow it for radio and live plays. The photography was done by the journalist nephew and in the Eurovision Song Contest. the song featured at position 93 in the United Kingdom but did not appear in any other song chart or contest.

There were mixed reactions and reviews about the song and the song was of much blame for the overall score of Tyler in the contest (Tragaki, 2004). Despite the blame for the song performance, the journalist still won some single in the Eurovision Contest radio Awards. This was the first time a representative of the United Kingdom won a category in the ESC radio history. Discussion on the work has been made on social sites such as Twitter and Facebook (John and Taupin, 2004). Those that heard the work have given their opinions on the lyrics through social sites and even voted for the song on different occasions.

Write a 12 pages paper on contracts administration and disputes resolution in hong kong.

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Write a 12 pages paper on contracts administration and disputes resolution in hong kong. The arbitrator is competent to decide matters relating to Article 5 objection. Besides, the Arbitrator can decide on the question of whether the Architect’s instruction is in order, whether or not a certificate has been unreasonably withheld or not issued as per the Conditions among others. The Venue of Arbitration shall be Hong Kong. The documents forming part of the Contract shall be in the following sequence as stated in clause 1.5. (a) the agreement under the contract if any, (b) the letter of acceptance, (c) the Letter of Tender, (d) the special conditions, (e) general conditions, (f) specifications, (g) drawings, and (h) schedules and other documents if any to be construed as part of the Contract. In case of any ambiguity or discrepancy in the documents, the Engineer must suitably clarify or give instruction. The contractor shall execute the contract agreement within 28 days of receiving the letter of acceptance (clause 1.6) unless otherwise agreed to and the contract shall be in the prescribed form in the appendix attached to the Particular Conditions.

Article 5 lists certain documents as forming part of the Contract. They are (a) the Articles of Agreement and the Appendix, (b) Form of Tender submitted by the contractor, Letter of Acceptance of the Employer, (c) Special conditions if any, (d) General conditions, and (e) the contract drawings. The order of precedence is as above from a toe. Besides, for adjusting contract sum, contract bill shall precede the contract drawings and specification and for all other purposes including the execution of the work, Contract drawings shall precede Contract Bills (Hkia.net, 2005)

As a right, the Engineer can issue instructions for variations in the works any time prior to the issue of the Taking-Over Certificate for the Works or ask the Contractor to send a proposal. The contractor shall comply with each modification unless the Contractor notifies the Engineer promptly that he will not be able to effect a variation giving reasons with particulars. The Employer then cancels, confirms, or varies the instructions. Every variation can include changes in the quantities of any item of work ordered, changes in quality or other characteristics of an item of work, changes in the dimensions, levels or positions of any part of work, the omission of any work except when being carried out by others, any additional work, plant, material or services essential for the Permanent Works which should also include any related tests on completion, etc.

prepare and submit a paper on the power of social media. Apart from the changes in the state of the world’s technology, this development is also an indication of the changes in people’s responsibilities.

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Your assignment is to prepare and submit a paper on the power of social media. Apart from the changes in the state of the world’s technology, this development is also an indication of the changes in people’s responsibilities. In recent years, social media has burst out into becoming a classification of online discourse in which people or “audiences” are enabled to create, to share, and network information or content to everyone in the world at a remarkably high-speed rate. There are various examples of social media: Facebook, Twitter, and MySpace to name a few. Owing to its accessibility and speed, social media is quickly shifting the public dialogue in the community and establishing trends and agenda in subject matters that range from economics and politics to fashion and entertainment. Seen this way, the influence of social media in shaping public opinion and relaying information continuously rises. Nevertheless, this development comes with it an array of corresponding conditions as the growing influence of social media gives the world audience new rights, responsibilities, and risks.

Ease of access to media does not mean everyone is allowed to do everything as they wish. Just like any other platform of information dissemination or any legal mode of enterprise, self-imposed limitations should be implemented. These are founded on the risks associated with social media (Thompson et al. 2011). Social Media allows the “creation and exchange of user-generated content” (Kaplan and Haenlin 2010). thus, the information that is created and relayed may extend from general or public to personal information. This presents a disturbing find in that social media is linked to the internet that is a public domain and the information shared, whether it is personal or public information may be shared without interception or obstruction.

In the corporate world, many of the senior financial executives believe that there are latent risks associated with social media (Thompson et al. 2011). Nevertheless, there are also those who believe that the risks involved will be compensated or, at least, counterbalanced by the benefits of engaging in social media. In a survey sponsored by the Grant Thornton LLP, it has found several most important social media risks: (1) disclosure of propriety information. (2) negative comments about the company. (3) exposure of personally identifiable information. (4) fraud. and (5) out-of-date information.

Compose a 1750 words assignment on risky and safety management: technol construction limited, tcl.

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Compose a 1750 words assignment on risky and safety management: technol construction limited, tcl. Needs to be plagiarism free! Technol Construction Limited, TCL, has been awarded a mega project tender to construct the West Island Line, which is approximately a 4-kilometer alignment to extend the Island Line from the new Kennedy Town Station to the Sheung Wan Station. Most of the station boxes, adits, and East Island Line tunnels will have to be excavated in the rock underlying the city of Hong Kong. In estimation, about 500,000 square meters of rock will have to be excavated. The most effective way of extracting this amount of rock is through blasting. As such, TCL will require explosives, particularly dynamite, to blast the rock and enable the construction of the station boxes, adits, and underground tunnels. The 4-kilometer stretch will require a magazine, otherwise known as an Explosive Storage Magazine, to house the tons of explosives required. At the magazine, detonators, boosters, and explosives will be stored before being transported to the blasting areas. This is the storage stage in the supply chain of the explosives required for the project.

A preliminary vulnerability risk assessment is necessary for that it will highlight the potential weaknesses in the storage of the dynamite explosives in the magazine as well as the transportation of the explosives between the magazine and blasting sites. In so doing, it will be possible to identify two critical things. one, that TCL is within the safety, risk, and environmental legislations of Hong Kong, and more importantly, the ways through which potential weaknesses threaten the mega project can be neutralized. In doing this, the preliminary vulnerability assessment will analyze the magazine (storage), road and tunnel (transport), and blasting sites since they make up the threat environment within which the explosives will operate. From the assessment, it will be possible to reveal potential threat channels and in it acquire openness that will enable us to devise safety and precautionary measures to ensure the success of our mega project. This stage is necessary since it determines the approval or denial of the project proposal by the Hong Kong construction and explosives authorities.&nbsp. &nbsp.

prepare and submit a paper on the massacre at langdale high and lauras secret diary. Was transparency maintained in reporting? These are the questions that need to be answered when analyzing the case.

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Your assignment is to prepare and submit a paper on the massacre at langdale high and lauras secret diary. Was transparency maintained in reporting? These are the questions that need to be answered when analyzing the case.

What has been referred to as ‘Massacre at Langdale High’ transpired in Andersonville- a small town in the United States. The case of Langdale High involves two siblings named Jeffrey and Laura. Both of them had a pleasant childhood but soon things started to change. The case informs that the neighbors confirmed that both the siblings were friendly and warm during their childhood. However, in the case of Laura, her disposition suddenly changed after her tenth birthday. She became quieter and withdrew herself from communications.

The reason was, when she turned ten, she was subjected to sexual harassment by her father periodically. This led to the formation of negative feelings inside her such as embarrassment and resentment. She did not engage in any social activity and isolated herself. She was limited to a close clique, whom she called her friends. She tried opting for drugs, in an attempt to find some solace but to her surprise, Laura found jotting her thought in her diary as more therapeutic and satisfactory.

In the case of Jeffrey, he was a bright kid and celebrated his father as his superhero. He longed for his attention and wanted to share a close bond with him. He was aware of the fact that his sister was being sexually abused by the father every now and then Laura had complained to him several times, but he did not take any stance on his issue and chose to remain quiet. When Jeffrey turned 13, his family was abandoned by his father. This incident was a milestone in Jeffrey’s life and left him a changed person. He became bitter as a person and fell into glum depression. Weapons and ammunition started to lure him and. Many assumed that his rampage was because of the frustration that he felt.

This case informs of Sharyn Lassiter, who was the police and a court reporter at Andersonville Tribune. In her four-year career as a reporter, she had covered many stories of crimes- ranging from rape, assassinations to burglaries but this particular episode of violence shocked her. She decided to pursue this case in-depth and started probing people to get a deeper insight into the situation. She also collaborated with Andy Cherry – who was in charge of Delvin’s case investigation.

 

Writing assignment on ipsec and cryptography

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I need some assistance with these assignment. ipsec and cryptography Thank you in advance for the help! This is because. the security offered by the IPsec can be made transparent to final users. IPsec is very vital since it offers numerous solutions to virtual private networking (VPN), by giving communication security against untrusted network like the internet. Cryptography refers to the change of plaintext information into a coded form.&nbsp. The aim of cryptography is to offer the necessary security and frontier access to private information.

There are numerous functions that the IPsec performs. First, the IPsec is used for data confidentiality. The function is achieved by the IP sec sender encrypting the data packets prior to sending them to another network. The second function is data integrity. This requires the IPsec receiver to authenticate the data packets received from the IPsec sender in order to guarantee the safety of the received data packets. The third function of IPsec is data authentication. This enables the IP sec receiver to confirm the origin of the sent IPsec packets, although the success of this function relies on the data service. The replay function is the fourth function played by the IPSec (Pachghare, 2009).

In the execution of this function the IP sec receiver is capable of sensing and eliminating the repeated packets. The above services are offered at the IP layer, thus they can be employed at any upper-layer protocol. Such as TCP, UDP, and ICMP, just to mention a few. The IP DOI is also responsible for the provision of the IP compression. this is achieved through the encryption that is done in the IPsec. This hinders sufficient compression by the lower protocol layers (Elkelany, 2002).

At the IP layer, the IPsec offers the necessary security that allows the system to choose the suitable security protocols, establish the algorithms to be employed for the task and reorganize the cryptographic keys needed to offer the application. IPsec is capable of providing sufficient security to more than one path between a protection gateway and host (Pachghare, 2009).&nbsp. &nbsp.

IP sec can establish areas that are susceptible to attacks, thus providing the necessary security. This is achieved by configuring admission lists that are further interfaced in the crypto map sets (Pachghare, 2009). &nbsp.

write an article on smart materials and their applications in civil engineering Paper must be at least 1750 words.

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Hi, I am looking for someone to write an article on smart materials and their applications in civil engineering Paper must be at least 1750 words. Please, no plagiarized work! The first is Martensite that exists at low temperatures and Austenite that exist in high temperatures. Change in external temperature and stress conditions influences the two phases to change into another phase. This however depends on what change appears. They show many unique properties during this transformation such as super elasticity and shape memory. Smart materials fields are rapidly emerging with technological innovations in engineering actuators and image processing. Smartness describes memory and self-adaptability of structure sand materials. Smart materials have many uses. Structures such as pipeline ships and aircraft must be actively designed to prevent tearing out. This paper will discuss the use of smart materials in civil engineering.

The introduction of material science came about with such high quality, new and self-efficient materials that came into use in the field of structural engineering. One good example is smart materials. Nickel Titanium, for instance, was first studied in Naval Ordnance Laboratory and was rapidly used in many fields such as biomedical, aerospace, and mechanical engineering.&nbsp.

Smart materials have brought about different applications in civil engineering in recent times. An example of a smart material used in civil engineering is the shape memory alloy (SMA) that has several characteristics such as shape memory effect and super-elasticity. As such, the SMA has been used to control structures in civil engineering. The development of cost-effective and durable materials used for construction has been improved by the introduction of smart materials, such as piezoelectric materials, carbon fiber reinforced concrete and smart bricks among others.

Structures made out of civil engineering could be damaged by factors such as floods, earthquakes, and other natural disasters. However, the use of fiber-reinforced plastics (FRP), an example of smart materials helps to ensure that damaged structures are repaired cost-effectively and durably. Today, Fiber-reinforced polymer composite (FRP) is used as a new construction material by civil engineers.

Create a 6 pages page paper that discusses design of a microwave path profiling link. A microwave communication system makes use of radio frequencies that have a span of between 2 and 60 GHz. The nature of the electromagnetic wave that will be used is dependent on the intended use and application of the system.

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Create a 6 pages page paper that discusses design of a microwave path profiling link. A microwave communication system makes use of radio frequencies that have a span of between 2 and 60 GHz. The nature of the electromagnetic wave that will be used is dependent on the intended use and application of the system. The electromagnetic waves normally occur in the form of energy waves that are composed of both an electric and magnetic field (Freeman, 2008). Unlike mechanical waves, these are capable of transmitting energy across vacuums. These waves are normally classified according to their frequencies as illustrated below.

Compared to radio waves, microwaves have a shorter wavelength. They are used in cooking food, the transmission of information, and the prediction of weather. Microwaves are appropriate for use in weather analysis and transmission of communication signals due to its ability to penetrate tough clouds, smoke, and other forms of interference. Microwave links have several factors that make them appropriate for use in fixed media networks (Seybold, 2005). These waves have less exposure to accidental damages and make use of single point installations. They are cost-effective since they can be deployed quickly. However, it is also crucial to point out that this technology is limited to capacity, in certain areas where the terrain is unfriendly, there may be a need for pylons to be erected and the relay stations must be located over long distances making it unsuitable for short distances communications (Jimenez, 1999).

This is determined by the number of wavelengths in its area of signal capture. It occurs in two positions where the frequency of the system may rise or the size of the signal capture area may give up (Jimenez, 1999).&nbsp.Most of the point to point microwaves systems make use of parabolic antennas so that they are able to achieve the necessary gain and the interference that has been reduced from the system.

The antenna beamwidth is related to the forward gain of the antenna. Antennae gains result from the redirection of available radiated energy within a particular direction and if the gain is higher in the forward direction, it reduces in magnitude in the other directions.

Compose a 2000 words assignment on what news management strategies do pressure groups and large corporations use. Needs to be plagiarism free! Pressure groups are designed to have rather narrow and focused aims and they, therefore, tend to only concentrate on a limited range of specific issues. Unlike the practice that is common with political parties, pressure groups do not put together manifestos covering various broad ranges of the spectrum of policies (Chapman, 2004).

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Compose a 2000 words assignment on what news management strategies do pressure groups and large corporations use. Needs to be plagiarism free! Pressure groups are designed to have rather narrow and focused aims and they, therefore, tend to only concentrate on a limited range of specific issues. Unlike the practice that is common with political parties, pressure groups do not put together manifestos covering various broad ranges of the spectrum of policies (Chapman, 2004).

Although there exist several key differences between political parties and pressure groups, the distinction between the two is often seen to be blurred since some of the parties in the United Kingdom are too small to have the unattainable hope of forming the government, and as such these parties resort to trying to influence the government. Various pressures groups like trade unions used to maintain close links with political parties to an extent that it was practically impossible to distinguish between the two an example being that the United Kingdom’s Labor Party was formed on the basis of the trade union movement, the trade union movement at one time used to provide the bulk of the party’s funding as well as majorly dominate and influence the direction taken by the various party policies (Williams, 1998).

Protective Pressure Groups: Protective pressure groups attempt to work towards the overall defense of all their members. An example of a protective pressure group in the United Kingdom is the British Medical Association. This pressure group endeavors to work towards not only the representation but also the overall protection of all the doctors in the United Kingdom (Browne, 2011).

Promotional Pressure Groups: Pressure groups that fall into this category are seen to strive at putting forth various new ideas that all happen to be aimed at attempting to improve and reform the society so as to make it better for particularly the more vulnerable people. A good example of a pressure group that falls into this category in the United Kingdom is the Child Poverty Action Group. This pressure group works at attempting to both represent and raise awareness of the difficult experiences and various effects of poverty that befall poor children (Needham and Dransfield, 1990).

Although in the past, most large corporations had failed to recognize the vital role that public presentation happened to play in their operations, recent times have seen a widespread appreciation of the fact that most large corporations happen to operate in a media sensitive environment.&nbsp.

prepare and submit a paper on human behavior in prompting research paper. 23rd November Human behavior in prompting Introduction Prompting entails the help that is given to learners that is mostly used to assist them to use specific skills. Being offered together with other evidence based practices, such as reinforcement and time delay, prompting procedures are usually offered by an experienced individual individual or peer. This paper aims at discussing key aspects of prompting as one of the human behavior.

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Your assignment is to prepare and submit a paper on human behavior in prompting research paper. 23rd November Human behavior in prompting Introduction Prompting entails the help that is given to learners that is mostly used to assist them to use specific skills. Being offered together with other evidence based practices, such as reinforcement and time delay, prompting procedures are usually offered by an experienced individual individual or peer. This paper aims at discussing key aspects of prompting as one of the human behavior.

During the development and learning process for the youth with autism spectrum disorder, various prompting procedures are adopted. These include least to most prompts, simultaneous prompting and graduated guidance among others. In order to help the learners to fully understand the concepts they are exposed to, these procedures are used by teachers among other practitioners through different forms of prompts (Milton and Mullan 23). The application of the procedures in a systematic fashion ensures that learners with ASD get the required skills. According to Liberman et al 46, prompts are adopted by teachers, parents, and coworkers as a way of showing others how to acquire a particular skill. For example, a supervisor who aims at improving the performance of his workers will need to explain to the new worker on how to access documents from the computer network. The supervisor can use the main computer to demonstrate to the workers on the steps to follow in order to access all the information in other computers within the department. Similarly a sales person may explain to a customer on how to use a mobile phone while at the same time demonstrating how its features work (Stark et al 23). In verbal prompts, teachers make statements that ensure that learners achieve their targets. For example, learners can be asked to write their names or be asked to try doing something in a different way (Abraham and Michie 36). Gestural prompt is whereby a practitioner or a teacher makes a movement for example by pointing or nodding that makes the learners to learn a particular skill or behavior. For example, a learner may be shown at the top of the paper where he or she is supposed to write his or her name. Another example of gestural prompt is where a teacher taps a student and point the coat closet making the student to hang the coat (Polaha et al 46).

Model prompts refers to a situation where the practitioner or the teacher performs the skill or the behavior of the learner. In this way, the learner will emulate what the teacher is doing thus achieving the skill. In order to ensure that the learner easily understand the skill, the teacher may also use verbal prompts while performing the skill (Organ and Konovsky 15). One of the major aspects of this type of prompt is that if the skill involve moving parts of the body, full model prompt can be motor but if the skill being taught is verbal the full model prompt can be entirely verbal. The fourth category is physical prompts. This entails touching the learners in order to assist them to use the skill or the behaviors that the teacher is teaching. Examples include tapping the learner’s hand, or holding the learner hands to assist him or her to write his or her name (Hiralall and Martens 21). The fifth category is the visual prompts. This entails provision of pictures of events that happened in a certain place. In this way, the learner is provided with information that indicates how to use a particular skill or behavior. Examples of pictures include transition picture card and a job analysis checklist.

The use of prompts to teach new skills

One of the major aspects that make prompts to be important in teaching new skills is that any student who suffers from ASD can benefit during instruction despite his communication skills, age or cognitive ability. Additionally, prompts can be used at the same time or alone in order to make the effectively complete a certain task. Notably, instructors are advised to seek the best prompting technique that will help the learners to better understand the skills they are being taught (Fuchs et al 54). For instance, if by repeating a verbal prompt to make the student start his or her assignment does not provide positive result, it implies that a more intrusive prompt is required (Doebel and Koenig 19 ) One of the notable strategies that are adopted during prompting is least to most procedure. This implies that prompts are presented in a systematic way including gradual increase of assistance based on the level of the need for assistance. For example, if a student is given a verbal prompt requiring him to hang a coat but he does not respond within 5 seconds, the teacher may possibly use a gesture such as pointing the coat hanger and the coat. If still the student does not show positive results, another prompt that includes holding the learner’s hands and guiding him to place the cost on the hanger.

Prompting procedures

System of least prompts

System of least prompts refers to the prompting procedure that entails removal of prompts by moving progressively from lees to higher restrictive prompts. The system of least prompts (SLP) is normally used when there are other prompts and thus they have to be arranged in a hierarchical manner. This means that the system of least prompts will have to start from less to more prompts which must be restricted to the individuals. The system of least prompts ensures that the learner will be given the opportunity to a response which is correct but the learner must be least restricted to his or her need. In a class the learner may show a correct behavior during the class session where prompts may be involved or not but at the end, encouragement must be given via reinforcement (Collins 40). If non- systematic teaching is not used in the class then the teachers may incorporate the system of least prompts where the learners are given the opportunity to display their behavior. The prompts level may be verbal, gesture and physical which are used by the learners to attain skills. The system of least prompt can be used to provide instruction to one individual for multiple skills. New technology has incorporated the system of least prompts for example the use of DVD players.

Most to least prompting

The most to least prompting unlike the least prompting starts from the most restrictive to least restrictive arranged in the hierarchical manner. The most restrictive prompt must be physical prompt. This ensures that the learner get reinforcements from other students for example by holding the hands of the learner and take him or her to the front chair. This means the learner must receive reinforcement from other learners. After the physical prompt is over a less restrictive prompt is provided which is the verbal prompt. This means that a specific criterion must be provided or the prompt must be directed to a certain learner. For example, James open your book (Leaf et.al 52). This means that the prompt is directed to one individual and thus a verb prompt is going to be used. Finally, the less intrusive prompt is used if the learner fails to do what is he is asked by the teacher. This prompt is known as the independent which will be repeated until the learner get what was asked. The most to least prompting is used to train the learners with disabilities since it is routinely repeated. Additionally infants to their adulthood have used this independent prompt efficiently.

Simultaneous prompting

Simultaneous prompting is given to a learner after a test is provided by the teacher. In this session, the learner is not asked to respond to the responses while the session is in progress rather before a session is started. a test is conducted so that the teacher will know whether the learner got the right thing. The idea behind this is to known whether the learner has the right response depending on what is asked. This simultaneous prompting may seem to be confusing to the learners but it is used to make sure that the learner has the correct response depending on the prompt (Ingvarsson et al 41). For example, the teacher may ask the learner what color is this? Then the teacher may give the prompt “red” during the class session. Though it is not correct the learner will prompt the correct response during this instructional session the teacher will known whether the learner has the acquired what was taught in the session. The advantage of this prompting is that the learner does not require being having skills in prompting since it is not an independently prompt (Craig and McCann 61). No delay in the session since the prompt is for all the learners who are in the session thus the response will not have variations.

No-No Prompting

This errorless learning ensures that the learner is given an opportunity to respond to a prompt as the first option. Then the second attempt is given so that the learner will be successful to the response he or she is asked. This prompting is beneficial to the learner since positive learning is allowed depending on this environment of No- No prompting. This increases the learners’ capabilities since he or she is motivated until he or she will get the correct response (Caruso and Kennedy 56). In this type of prompting the teacher may draw certain objects in the white board then the learner may be asked to touch a certain creature. If the learner will not respond correctly then the teacher respond “NO” the same discriminative is repeated and when an error occurs the teacher respond again with a “NO” the third time means that the learner will get the lowest prompt and this will help to reshape the child. Finally, the child will provide the correct response and this will mean it would be difficult to forget it.

The Effects of Instructional Prompts

One of the effects of instructional prompt is that the method is an effective teaching method which helps to reshape the learner to attain skills (Gelf et.al 32). This is beneficial to the learners since assistance is normally provided to the learner incase the correct response was not attained. Another effect of instructional prompts is that the child is given that opportunity to independently carry that task alone and thus attains the desired behavior. This means that time delay is normal but finally the child will get the correct response after a number of trials (Sitzmann and Ely 99). Support from either the teacher or reinforcement from other learners encourages the student to keep on trying and get the correct response. This instructional prompts encourages a behavior that the learner might be willing to get it since he or she will get it through the support of the teacher or from other learners. It can be beneficial for the teacher to use full verbal prompts to make sure that each and every learner will get his or her chance to follow instructional prompts so that the learner will not depend on the others while prompted.

Guiding learning: Questions, prompts, and Cues

In their learning process, students are faced with quite a number of challenges that requires the teachers to respond to. Once the teachers intervene, the learners may feel helpless or successful. This process is referred to as guided Instructions since it indicates a shared responsibility between the learners and the teachers. Major aspects that are involved in guided instructions include observing systematic support, asking questions to verify understanding, direct explanations, and cues to shift attention among others (Nancy, F and Douglas, 2011).

Graduated guidance prompting

Graduated guidance prompting is one of the ways of teaching appropriately by use of physical prompting. However, one major aspect of this method is that it is difficult to teach instructors especially due to challenges in preparing a self-instructional manual to educate the teachers on conducting discrete trials when teaching young learners with autism (Daniela 12). One of the goals of graduated guidance is that during the teaching trial, a least intrusive method of prompting to bring about a behavior is used. Additionally, it aims at fading the level of prompts from most-to-least as quickly as possible. Graduate guidance is undertaken by use of 3 major guidelines as discussed below.

Assessment to determine guidance that is needed

This entails determining the amount of physical guidance that the instructors require while performing their teaching process. This implies that an individual should there identify the guidance required that would enhance the knowledge in each step of the task. For instance, if a teacher is teaching John to eat with a spoon, initial assessment can be in the form discussed below.

Instruction John’s behavior during initial trial Guidance required during trial

Eat John loads the spoon with the food Full guidance- which means the

he want to eat has her hand on John’s

John moves the spoon to his Partial guidance- The teacher

mouth from the eating plate releases John hand when the

spoon is near his mouth

John puts the spoon with the food Light touch-the teacher makes it sure

In his mouth the end of the spoon is fully in

John’s mouth

Adjustment of prompting

During the trial, it is essential to make some adjustment on the level of prompting. For instance, in the John’s example, the guidance was changed from full guidance to partial guidance up to a light touch.

Fading out the prompts

When undertaking the trials, it is important to en sure that the prompts that are adjusted are faded as soon as possible from most to least.

Tutors play a major role in supporting the academic performance of their students. Through the tutor prompt-student respond, the students are significantly assisted in their activities. However, tutor prompt-student respond as discussed below.

Advantages

First, tutor prompt-student responds makes signify cant focus on the topic. Thus it ensures that the session is kept on track, Secondly, it makes the students to be an active learners thus making him or her to appropriately understand the concepts. Thirdly, tutor prompt-student respond focuses more on the learners and not the tutor. Fourthly, the tutor has an opportunity to assess the learner’s understanding and knowledge.

Disadvantages

First, tutor prompt-student respond uses the concept of frustrating game. This implies that, the learners and the tutor are left to guess what is in the other person head. Secondly, learners can feel inadequate. Thirdly, questions during the learning process can appear as threats thus creating poor learning atmosphere. Fourthly, it can turn to be an interrogation. This means that an individual may assume that if the other party does not know A, then he or she does not know B.

Conclusion

Based on the above discussion, it is clear that prompts are important part of learning process that teachers cannot overlook. Not only is prompting essential for young people with ASD, but also it can be used to teach young infants on various skills. Notable issue that teachers and other instructors should emulate is least to most procedure. This involves introduction of more advanced prompts until the learner indicates positive results.

Works Cited

Abraham, C., &amp. Michie, S. (n.d.). A Taxonomy of Behavior Change Techniques Used In Interventions. Health Psychology, 379-387.

And No-No Prompting In Two-Choice Discrimination Learning With Children with Autism. &lt.i&gt.Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis,&lt./i&gt. 215-228. Retrieved September 22, 2014, from ERIC.

Caruso, M., &amp. Kennedy, C. (n.d.). Effects of a reviewer-prompting strategy on timely manuscript reviews. &lt.i&gt.Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis,&lt./i&gt. 523-526. Retrieved September 19, 2014, from ERIC.

Craig, C., &amp. Mccann, J. (n.d.). Assessing Communication Effects on Energy Conservation. &lt.i&gt.Journal of Consumer Research,&lt./i&gt. 82-82. Retrieved September 21, 2014, from

Child Behavior and Parent Management Strategies at Mealtimes in Families with a School-Age Child with Cystic Fibrosis. Health Psychology, 274-280.

Doebel, S., &amp. Koenig, M. (n.d.). Childrens use of moral behavior in selective trust: Discrimination versus learning. Developmental Psychology, 462-469.

Daniela, F. Prompting using graduated guidance. Available from http://www.specialeducationadvisor.com/prompting-using-graduated-guidance/

Explicitly Teaching For Transfer: Effects On Third-grade Students Mathematical Problem Solving. Journal of Educational Psychology, 293-304.

Fuchs, L., Fuchs, D., Prentice, K., Burch, M., Hamlett, C., Owen, R.