Provide a 2 pages analysis while answering the following question: History of Correction in America. Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the APA Style Guide. An abstract is required. Another facility of correction known as Bridewell was constructed in 1775 that was placed in New York City Hall Park although it’s the independent war interrupted its construction. New York State Legislature in 1788 enacted a law to construct another correction facility named Almshouse and named twelve commissioners to oversee the construction.

The commissioners began the department of correction in New York and they opened the first state prison in 1788 known as Greenwich State Prison. In 1817 another correction facility known as Auburn was opened which expanded in 1821 by opening a new wing.

In 1951, the institution for insane criminals was established on the Auburn prison ground. This was an idea of a group of reformers that thought they would start child savers by sending city children to live with farm families. Their idea brought about the establishment of the New York Juvenile Asylum. Almshouse Department was replaced by the New York City Department of Public Charities and Correction in 1851. The department took control of the city’s public welfare and correctional institutions.

(Whitehead, Pollock and Braswell, 2003)

Ludlow Street Jail also is known as New York Country Jail was established in 1862 and in 1863 another jail was built in Manhattan known as New York City’s Fourth District Prison. This became the 57th street jail that was part of a court complex. Another correction facility named New York City’s Seventh District Prison was established along Manhattan city’s west side in 1865.

New York City was authorized by the State Legislature to separate the Department of Public Charity and Correction in 1873. This separation brought about the Public Charities Division and the Correction Division. Society for the prevention of cruelty to children was established after the division and it prohibited the confinement of children at Almshouse.

Write 4 pages thesis on the topic antropology. This is evident in the disparate species of Manzanita shrubs, which thrive, in different altitudes. Another one of the isolating mechanism is behavioral isolation in which potential mates converge but refuse to mate, as they prefer individuals from their own species as evident in the mating rituals of the albatross. This is in contrast to mechanical isolation where mating and copulation is attempted but sperm transmission does not occur. The two-lipped flower, a species of sage, found in California is an example of this (Calow 379-380).

2. Define cephalic index and explain how it originally was used in an ethnocentric manner. Define eugenics and explain two specific ways (one human, one nonhuman) in which it can be used in a non-ethnocentric manner. Explain the relationship between polytypic, continuous variation and the vitamin D hypothesis.

The cephalic index was used to determine the intelligence of a person or her behavior based on the measurement of the skull or the cranium. The size of the cranium determined the superiority of the race. Proponents of Eugenics utilized this idea to forward race improvement through government control on marriage and family. The principles of eugenics can be used in non-ethnocentric manner, as to prohibit the marriage of two groups of populations that increases the possibility of genetic diseases (Jurmain and Nelson 118). In dogs or other mammals, such as race horses the principles can be applied for stronger breed. Yet, eugenics limits the freedom of the genes to function freely (Jurmain and Nelson 112). Polytypic species is composed of one population of species and homosapiens are one of them. Phenotypic variations are evident among humans as they exhibit differences in skin color for instance base on the environment or circumstance in which they live. One of these hypotheses the lightening of the skin color in higher altitudes, which cause the body to generate more Vitamin D said to prevent diseases such as rickets (Jablonski 585 – 623 )

3. Explain how the Hardy-Weinberg theory is related to both polymorphisms and balanced polymorphisms. Explain how the terms prions and BSE are related to the terms vector and pathogen.

The Hardy Weinberg theory or equilibrium is one of the main theories in population genetics, which also states that relative gene frequency stay constant from generation to the next. This is based on a mathematical model. This theory is related to polymorphism, as this is typified by the constant equilibrium with disparate alleles of the genes which at unvarying relative frequencies in a certain population. Prions are like pathogens because they result to diseases such as the bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). Hence BSE is a prion, which could be transmitted through a vector, contact or bite of an animal.

4. Explain the difference between acclimatization and adaptation, giving one example in humans for each. Explain Bergmann’s Rule and Allen’s rule and how they are related to high altitude and ossification of epiphysis/diaphysis. Define biocultural evolution, explaining both the example of lactose intolerance and sickle cell anemia for this term.

Write 16 pages thesis on the topic development of urban civilization and form. As a type of community, the city may be regarded as a relatively stable awareness of population, together with its “varied environments, social arrangements, and supporting activities, occupying a more or less discrete site, and having a cultural importance that differentiates it from other types of human settlement and association. In its elementary functions and rudimentary characteristics, however, a city is not clearly distinguishable from a town or even a large village.” (Britannica, 2006)

It was no accident that the earliest of man’s fixed settlements originated in the rich “subtropical valleys of the Nile, the Tigris, the Euphrates, the Indus, and the Yellow Rivers or in such well-watered islands as Crete.” Such regions gave encouraging ecological issues making town living comparatively simple.

Pre-urban growths that covered the means for urban life also comprised such features as “traditionalism, a power structure, and a form of economic as well as social organization.” Traditionalism put in the reception and broadcast of what had worked in the existence of the crowd and was consequently “right” and to be kept. New value directions and beliefs may also have influenced the route of urbanization, although their significance is still extremely speculative. Before 1800, improvements in agricultural and manufacturing methods had allowed a remarkable attentiveness of creative activity close to the sources of mechanical power-water and coal. A subsequent association of population was hastened by the excellence of the steam engine and the dominance of the factory over pre-industrial business association. Under provisions of “belt-and-pulley” authority broadcast, urban application was a means of:

(1) Reducing the costs of conquering resistances in transportation and communications and

(2) Maximizing interior monetary systems of extent and outside economies.

A strange convergence of profitable, geographic, and technical issues in Britain guided to far-reaching transforms in such planned movements as textiles, transport, and iron, even though the educational and social requirements for industrialization were not exclusively present in any one nation,. Britain became “the workshop of the world” and London its “head office.” (Britannica, 2006)

Urban Planning

Urban planning and redevelopment is planned at satisfying communal and financial purposes that go further than the corporal shape and arrangement of buildings, streets, parks, utilities, and other parts of the urban environment. Urban planning takes effect principally during the procedures of administration and needs the relevance of specialized methods of “survey, analysis, forecasting, and design.” It may hence be expressed as a public society, as a legislative utility, or as a scientific career. Each feature has its own thoughts, narration, and theories. Together they blend into the attempt of contemporary civilization to figure and progress the surroundings within which growing amounts of civilization squander their lives: the city.

For several centuries throughout the middle ages, there was small structure of cities in Europe.

I need help creating a thesis and an outline on The Math Standards to the Science Curriculum. Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the APA Style Guide. An abstract is required. One of the first methods from the math standards that I would immediately adopt is the use of technology to help the student learn. Science is another technical learning area, and be incorporating as much technology as possible teachers can allow students to work for hands-on certain areas that they may not otherwise be able to understand completely. One of these pieces of technology would be the scientific calculator, which is used quite a bit during the math curriculum. Using this tool in science class helps students take the calculator technology they already know from math class and much more easily implement it into science class.

The other technological part of the math curriculum that I believe would also help students in science class would be the use of computers. The math standards have students starting in the computer as low as the elementary grades, which are shown to greatly benefit student achievement. Science class could adopt these same standards and practices in order to help get science achievement to where math achievement is.

My last thought would be to better integrate the two curriculums in order to help students succeed in both areas. Overlapping ideas thought process and calculations from math class into science class can help students better implement the idea and use them skillfully in both classes. Only then will students be able to make the connections needs to implement math in science class, and take the formulas and thinking from science and apply it proficiently into math class.

Hi, need to submit a 500 words paper on the topic Finance Concepts. Personal Finance Concepts A company’s asset is defined as anything it owns that has the potential to produce future economic benefit. Assets can either be in company’s possession or the company has right to take possession of (“Assets,” 2005). Asset accounts may include current assets and fixed assets. Current assets comprise of liquid assets such as cash, marketable securities, receivables and inventories. On the other hand, fixed assets include property, plant and equipment intended to be used for the operations of the company. Intangible assets, which include patents, trademarks and reputation among others, may also be lumped as an asset account. (Brealey, Myers & Marcus, 1995)

As part of a team meeting, this paper evaluates which transactions listed below would have an escalation effect on total assets.

Transactions:

1. A company receives a cash investment from the owner.

2. A company makes a cash purchase for a building site

3. A company pays cash on accounts payable.

4. A company purchases machinery for a plant and signs a promissory note in payment.

5. A company’s owner withdraws cash from the business for personal use.

6. A company receives cash from a customer on account receivable.

7. A company sells land for an amount equal to the cost of the land in a cash transaction.

8. A company borrows money from a bank.

Based on the list above, the transactions which would result in an increase in the total assets of a business are as follows:

Transaction #1 – A company receives a cash investment from the owner.

When a company receives an additional infusion of cash from the owner, the total asset specifically the asset account is increased. This is accompanied by a corresponding augmentation in the stockholders’ or owners’ equity.

Transaction #4 – A company purchases machinery for a plant and signs a promissory note in payment.

This transaction will result in the increase in total assets due to the increase in the property, plant and equipment (PP&E) account. In this regard, the company’s liability will also increase due to the issuance of the promissory note which is tantamount to a promise to pay specified amount at the stipulated terms (Meigs & Meigs, 1986).

Transaction #8 – A company borrows money from a bank.

Similar to the initial transaction, the company’s total assets particularly the asset account increases as it receives the money loaned from the bank. With this transaction, the company’s total liability also increases since an obligation to pay the bank loan arises.

Note that the other transactions do not result in an increase in total assets due to the reasons summarized as follows:

When a company makes cash purchase for a building, there is no movement in total assets because amount in cash account is just transferred to another asset account which is building or PP&E account.

When a company pays cash on accounts payable, total assets particularly the cash account decreases because there is an outflow of cash used to settle accounts payable.

Similarly, when a company’s owner withdraws cash from the business for personal use, cash account, which is an asset account, decreases because cash is used to pay for owner’s personal expenses.

When a company receives cash from a customer on account receivable, there is no movement in total assets because only asset accounts, i.e. cash and accounts receivable, are equally debited and credited, respectively.

In the same way, when a company sells land for an amount equal to the cost of land in a cash transaction, there is no change in total assets because increase in cash account is just equally offset by decrease in asset account for land or PP&E.

Reference

“Assets”. Wikipedia. (2005). Retrieved August 18, 2005, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/assets

Brealey, R.A., Myers, S.C., & Marcus, A.J. (1995). Fundamentals of Corporate Finance. Mc-Graw Hill Inc.

Meigs, W.B. & Meigs, R.F. (1986). Financial Accounting. Mc-Graw Hill Companies.