Write 6 pages thesis on the topic drugs hormones and the brain. The model must be broken down into observables or assigned qualitative or quantitative attributes or measurable elements that can be tested (Belzung & Lemoine, 2011). In determining the validity of the animal model, the most important criteria are the reliability and predictive validity of the model system that are relevant to the independent and dependent measures. Henn, Edwards & Muneyyirci (1993) points out that the independent variables include the construct, etiological and face validity (p 150). Emilien, G. (2002) offers an additional criterion that is relevant for the dependent variable includes the convergent and face validity of the variable. All the animal models used in understanding psychiatric disorders mimic psychiatric syndrome through establishing homology between animal behaviour and disorder to be modelled. The signs and symptoms associated with the particular psychiatric disorder are enumerated and ability of experimental manipulation in order to induce homologous changes in test animal behaviour is determined (Emilien, 2002). The animal models consist of the independent variable and dependent measures that will assess the effects of manipulation to induce the abnormality. Predictive validity and reliability are necessary and sufficient criteria for justifying the use of such models in conducting scientific research in psychiatric disorders.

Reliability refers to the stability and consistency with which the variables are observed while face validity independent variables refers to the phenomenological similarity between the behaviour of the animal model and specific symptoms of the human disease or disorder. The consistency of the independent variable is measured by the ability to manipulate the independent variable with high precision and reproducibility of the phenomenon under similar conditions since this is critical in any scientific study (Emilien, 2002). The validity of the animal model in studying psychiatric disorder is another criteria that should be met and there are several types of validity that include predictive, convergent, discriminative, etiological and face validity. The purpose of the model is to enhance understanding of psychiatric disorders in human population and only valid scientific observables are the correlations thus the model must lead to accurate prediction (Menard & Treit, 1999, p 593).

Write 6 pages thesis on the topic drugs hormones and the brain. The model must be broken down into observables or assigned qualitative or quantitative attributes or measurable elements that can be tested (Belzung & Lemoine, 2011). In determining the validity of the animal model, the most important criteria are the reliability and predictive validity of the model system that are relevant to the independent and dependent measures. Henn, Edwards & Muneyyirci (1993) points out that the independent variables include the construct, etiological and face validity (p 150). Emilien, G. (2002) offers an additional criterion that is relevant for the dependent variable includes the convergent and face validity of the variable. All the animal models used in understanding psychiatric disorders mimic psychiatric syndrome through establishing homology between animal behaviour and disorder to be modelled. The signs and symptoms associated with the particular psychiatric disorder are enumerated and ability of experimental manipulation in order to induce homologous changes in test animal behaviour is determined (Emilien, 2002). The animal models consist of the independent variable and dependent measures that will assess the effects of manipulation to induce the abnormality. Predictive validity and reliability are necessary and sufficient criteria for justifying the use of such models in conducting scientific research in psychiatric disorders.

Reliability refers to the stability and consistency with which the variables are observed while face validity independent variables refers to the phenomenological similarity between the behaviour of the animal model and specific symptoms of the human disease or disorder. The consistency of the independent variable is measured by the ability to manipulate the independent variable with high precision and reproducibility of the phenomenon under similar conditions since this is critical in any scientific study (Emilien, 2002). The validity of the animal model in studying psychiatric disorder is another criteria that should be met and there are several types of validity that include predictive, convergent, discriminative, etiological and face validity. The purpose of the model is to enhance understanding of psychiatric disorders in human population and only valid scientific observables are the correlations thus the model must lead to accurate prediction (Menard & Treit, 1999, p 593).

Write 16 pages with APA style on Models, methods and skills. This has been one for the primary focus of the Northern Ireland Social Care Council (NISCC) in the creation of The National Occupational Standards for Social Work in 2003. In their evaluation, for programs to serve their purpose, they have to be able to follow closely the people they are designed fro considering their needs and backgrounds (Lothian, 2001). These programs are not just part of social care and development but also are an important indication of how society values its citizens.

The Elders Team received a phone call from M requesting Time Out services for her mother so that M can herself go out because someone can be with mother Mrs. Z. In response to the request, a background history obtained from daughter on the phone. A schedule for a home visitation was scheduled to complete assessment and determine service plan for Mrs. Z.

Mrs Z was born in 1919 in a village in Poland, the youngest of a family of seven, most of who would eventually perish during the World War II. In 1940 she was taken to a labour camp in Germany where she had a pretty bad time. After the war, she came to England in 1945 and found work packing in a factory. A year later, in 1946, she married her husband who was a Polish ex-officer. They had three children and M was the oldest. M is a teacher and is living with Mrs. Z. At the time of the initial interview, it was found out that the husband died recently, about eighteen months ago.

Prior to the time of M’s call to the Elders Team, she said that her mother was always competent and hard working person with no particular problems. However, her mother’s behaviour has become her concern recently because of some changes in behaviour that she found puzzling and disturbing. For example, Mrs Z used to speak English very well, but now insists on speaking Polish in the house. Also, Mrs. Z used to go out about two to three times a week to visit the Catholic Church but now refuses to go out unless daughter is with her.

M thinks initially attributed her mother’s condition is due to loneliness following death of her father, but now thinks something is wrong with her mother. Mrs. Z has become increasingly dependent on M and often stands by the window to watch for her to return. She often makes a fuss when M wants to go out in the evening. She also has begun to express negative opinions regarding the neighbours and their neighbourhood.

As recent as six months ago, she has never complained about the neighbours and generally kept opinions, if any, to herself. However, she ahs repeatedly complained about the building work being done next door, which did cause noise and mess but no more than one would expected. Mrs Z in addition has complained that neighbours are harassing her and wants her to get out of the house. Mrs Z even gets worried about any post or leaflets that come to the letterbox. Mrs Z also suffers from high blood pressure and arthritis in both legs .She has poor mobility but manages to cook meals. Because of the reasons, she said she does not want to go out anymore. She thinks neighbours are making a hole in her bedroom wall which is why she has been sleeping downstairs instead.

M does not know what is wrong with her mother, but thinks perhaps neighbours may have somehow upset her.

You will prepare and submit a term paper on Bringing Home Global Rules. Your paper should be a minimum of 1750 words in length. As fundamental human rights and freedoms are inherent in all humankind and find expression in constitutions and legal systems throughout the world and in the international human rights instruments (Kirby, 2005), invoking international human rights law in domestic courts, therefore, merits special consideration. As Kirby write, “In most countries whose legal systems are based upon the common law, international conventions are not directly enforceable in national courts unless their provisions have been incorporated by legislation into domestic law. However, there is a growing tendency for national courts to have regard to these international norms for the purpose of deciding cases where the domestic law – whether constitutional, statute or common law – is uncertain or incomplete. While it is desirable for the norms contained in the international human rights instruments to be still more widely recognized and applied by national courts, this process must take fully into account local laws, traditions, circumstances, and needs.” There are many impediments for direct application of international human rights law, factors like state sovereignty, the dualist view on the relationship between international law and municipal law and implementing legislation. However, there has been an interesting development where jurist and human right activists are identifying themselves with a unified international community (Barak-Erez, 2004). This trans-judicial communication is seen not only in the application of international norms but also in the recourse to comparative law, particularly in the area of constitutional law.&nbsp.When a treaty is ratified, although it becomes binding on Australia in international law, it does not become part of the law of Australia unless it has been given the force of law by statute (Gibbs). Except in the case of a treaty of peace, which obviously can affect the rights of enemy aliens, a treaty not incorporated by statute does not affect the rights or liabilities of Australian citizens. Although the principle has been consistently stated by courts of the highest authority, it is subject to some important qualifications. One of them was introduced by the decision of the High Court in Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs v. Teoh. Ah, Hin Teoh was a Malaysian citizen living in Australia under a temporary entry permit. He was convicted of drug offenses and sentenced to six years imprisonment. His permanent entry permit was refused and it was ordered that he be deported. However, the fact that his children lived in Australia gave the case an interesting twist. The Court (McHugh J dissenting), considering the ratification of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, declared it the best interests of the children would be a primary consideration. Teoh’s Case has been an example for many Federal Court deportation cases. Incidentally, it is the sole example of the pervasive effects of international law on national law. The Australian Constitution neither mentions international law nor the role such norms should play in the interpretive process (Williams and Hovell, 2005). While earlier drafts of the Constitution incorporated greater reference to the relationship between international treaties and the domestic legal system, these were removed from the version that was enacted.&nbsp.

Need an research paper on the problem of snails in a suburban garden. Needs to be 2 pages. Please no plagiarism. Running Head THE PROBLEM OF SNAILS The Problem of Snails in a Suburban Garden The Problem of Snails in a Suburban Garden

When I started my organic garden in the suburb, it was a barren wilderness. Water

being scarce, the ground had been baked hard by the relentless sun. The first thing I did was to

plant some shade trees. Then I dug a shallow pit for compost. I put all the kitchen and garden waste in the pit and covered it with soil, turning it occasionally.

In three years, the garden had become green and luscious. Birds like the robin, the hummingbird

the barbet , and the crow pheasant were constant visitors to the garden besides the honey bees,

and chipmunks. The permanent residents – the frogs, sunbirds and lizards lived in

harmony with each other until the aliens came.

Nobody recognized the future threat to our ecology when we first saw those pretty, cream

striped chocolate shells moving slowly in the cool parts of the garden. These Giant African

Snails or GAS had been introduced into our environment through someone’s carelessness.

At first they did what snails are supposed to do- eat rotting leaves. Quite soon they found that

the fresh green leaves of the lily and the cabbage taste better than rotting leaves. Even when we

saw our lily leaves full of holes , we did not recognize the looming catastrophe. Soon the lilies

and most of the vegetable plants had vanished from the neighborhood gardens. When the snails

started attacking the fruit trees , we woke up to the reality. Then the matter became worse- the

snails started breeding in thousands. Our local birds did not seem to fancy the snails- perhaps

because they were too fastidious..

Having no natural predator, and being able to eat anything, the population of the GAS

increased tremendously in our suburb. Whenever I went for an evening walk, I could

commonly see snails crossing the roads, scaling the walls or climbing trees. The roads were full

of squashed snails which had come under automobile wheels. And how they ate! After they ate

through the dahlias and daisies , they started on the tomatoes and the lettuce. In no time at all the

neighborhood gardens were in shambles. Our garden paths were criss crossed with shiny snail

slime. Experts in camouflage, they disappeared in the morning.

Achatina Fulika, the Giant African Snail (GAS) is a land snail which is much bigger than the

native snail. It has a conical chocolate shell with cream stripes. It can be as big as a man’s fist

and is a voracious eater. It hides in cool,dark places and crevices during the day and is very

active during the night. Being a hermaphrodite, it reproduces rapidly. The eggs are translucent

cream balls , laid under compost heaps or fallen leaves. The Department of Primary Industries

and Fisheries of Queensland, Australia describes them as” difficult to eradicate”, Snail collection

and baiting is recommended as the most effective control measure.

At the emergency meeting of the Residents’ Association , we decided to tackle the snail

menace on a war footing. The civic body sprayed chemical pesticides on all the infested places,

overcoming the protests of the local organic gardeners, but to no avail. We set fire to our

compost heaps hoping that breeding pests would be destroyed, but the critters hid elsewhere.

Who said snails are slow

Although a small percentage of the pests was killed, the rest continued to haunt our gardens. I

hunted them by night. My method was simple- whenever I saw a snail I would drop a big stone

on it and listen for the satisfying crunch. The elimination level was around 1%,and this method

had its obvious drawbacks in our snake friendly environment. Some of my friends tried the

herbal route to elimination of the pests and failed .Spraying eucalyptus extracts , and ringing

the plants with copper wire did not help either. Pouring salt over them killed the plants too.

It was the boys of our suburb who came up with a ‘Final Solution’ They suggested to us

that they would find the snails and destroy them for a consideration. Every afternoon

the boys would hunt in the nooks and crannies of our gardens and catch the creatures and dunk

them in buckets of detergent solution. Finally, the infestation seemed to be under control.

.

But our relief was short lived.. There was another outbreak of GAS next month.

Collection and dunking of snails became our common evening entertainment. My

friend Ram Hegde in India advised me to try a bio-pesticide made by mixing yoghurt and neem

powder. This seemed to work although slowly. Soon, the snails started disappearing. Shiny snail

trails became a thing of the past.

.

I realized that the birds had started eating the snails. The crow pheasant especially seemed to

enjoy a meal of escargots. Empty snail shells began to appear everywhere. Soon the Giant

African Snails disappeared from our neighborhood, leaving the environment permanently

altered. They have not appeared since.

,

Works cited

“Exotic plant pests-Giant African snail”.Queensland Governament .Department of Primary

Industries and Fisheries.