submit a 1000 words paper on the topic Zipcar. Zipcar Table of Contents 0 Evaluation of the Potential Venture and the Progress made by Chase 3 2.

Hi, need to submit a 1000 words paper on the topic Zipcar. Zipcar Table of Contents 0 Evaluation of the Potential Venture and the Progress made by Chase 3 2.0 Business Model and Changes between Dec. 1999 and May 2000 4 2.1 Business Model 4 2.2 Changes between Dec. 1999 and May 2000 5 2.3 Operations in September 5 3.0 Action to Be Taken due to the September Numbers 6 1.0 Evaluation of the Potential Venture and the Progress made by Chase Robin Chase and Antje Danielson, the co-founder of Zipcar had made a plan to start up the business venture in 1999. They made the plan at the end of the year 1999 and in January 2000, after raising the fund of $50,000 from angel investors they had incorporated the business plan. For expanding their business in other cities of the US, they required sufficient funds from other investors. Their plan was to render convenient delivery and easy access to the urban subscribers. The car sharing idea was the best for urban people as they can access it with low cost and it was also an alternative of private car. From their research, it was found that majority of the Americans lived in urban areas and the car sharing business was less in number in the US. Thus, it would be a good business in the US. But in 1999, several competitors of Zipcar already existed in the market and they had to make profit in spite of the competition. They had taken various pricing strategy by analyzing the existing price model of the competitors. Chase considered that they would make average revenue of $10,000 to $12,000 per year for each vehicle. In Boston, they planned to start up as the place had less parking charge and a good transportation system. The place also had college educated and web connected individuals. The entrepreneurs had used maximum of their capital for technology development of Zipcar. In May, Chase had decided to change the pricing model of the Zipcar. The membership fee was lowered and the hourly charge was increased. The daily rate had also become $44. Thus, they could earn $5.50 per hour per customer. With the loan of $25,000 from another investor, they hired 12 cars in June 2000 for expanding their business in Boston. Therefore, in June 22, 2000 they deployed first three cars in the market. Chase was steady to maintain the image in every marketing material. Zipcar in June 2000 got first press publicity. This attracted the press both nationally and internationally. In October 2000, Zipcar spent $375,000 and development was done in various fields. The technology platform of Zipcar was improved. a patent on the technology was enlisted. vehicles at perking locations throughout the city were deployed and 250 members were enlisted. Due to huge demand, the vehicles were increased to 19 in numbers and there were 250 members by the end of October 2000. They were progressing from that period. 2.0 Business Model and Changes between Dec. 1999 and May 2000 2.1 Business Model The cofounders of Zipcar confirmed that the car sharing idea was feasible in North American market place. The cars would provide a solution for people who did not require a car to go to work but wanted the ease of a private vehicle to fulfill the need for a few days. The subscribers would open the website of the company to reserve specific cars in particular locations. Telephonic facilities were also provided. Reservations of the car were done in advance at least before two months but it could also be made without notice according to the availability. Pricing of the Zipcar was structured by the existing price of that model. The assumptions of the business plan were: prospective customers would be necessary for membership and they would pay $25 non-refundable application fee, security deposit of $300 which was totally refundable and annual subscription fee of $300. Chase assumed a renewal rate for members of 95%, which converted into a 5% attrition rate each year. From the research, they observed that mature European companies had 50% utilization of each vehicle. Thus, Chase had planned to initially target maximum of 40% utilization as the actual usage patterns were uncertain. They planned to hit the road in Boston in June 2000 as the place had less parking charge and the transportation system was excellent. Since the individuals were well educated, it gave them the benefit to easily access the technology of Zipcar. The funding was raised from different investors for expanding the business. 2.2 Changes between Dec. 1999 and May 2000 Chase and Danielson made the business plan and research of car sharing at the end of the year 1999 and incorporated it in January 2000. They received the funds from angel investor amounted to $50,000. Chase had provided full attention to the funding of the business in order to expand it. The technology of the Zipcar was developed therefore the customer could make online reservation. There was insufficient fund for expanding the business. Thus, Chase conducted presentation to the group of angel investors called “Investor Circle” and tried to convince them about the Zipcar. Various pricing models had been structured during this period. The name, logo and tagline of the company were also created. 2.3 Operations in September The loan which they had taken in the month of January had been used up till the month of September. The expenses for the technology development of the Zipcar were rising quickly. The miscellaneous expenses were also costly compared to the revenue from the business. The revenue was not sufficient to fulfill the demand as their strategies called for low cost with convenient servicing. A person from large company was hired to make a strong team but the case was reverse. He wasted fund by indulging in unwanted expenses which were not required for the business. Thus, they faced problems in earning revenue from the business. It was of concern as the cost was rising in comparison to the revenue of the business. 3.0 Action to Be Taken due to the September Numbers Various actions should be taken for overcoming the problems of revenue. Pricing strategy should be structured in a precise manner in order to gain revenue from the business. The low cost strategy with convenient servicing should be removed and in place of it cost should be fixed according to the services provided to the customers. As the Zipcar is technologically updated, the charge could be fixed depending on its features and facilities. The revenue could be gained easily by the strategy of high cost with qualitative and convenient services to the customers.

Write 5 pages thesis on the topic formal versus informal finance.

Write 5 pages thesis on the topic formal versus informal finance. 18). This discourse delves into the firm financing patterns and growth in China. In the end, the paper finds that very few firms as well as companies rely on formal banks to finance their business, leaving most of them to depend on informal sources to drive up capital for their businesses. Furthermore, the author of this paper discovers that although, few businesses rely on formal sources of finance, such sources are responsible for faster growth of a business company compared to informal sources of finance. Some of the vices identified are corruption. However, there was no evidence to prove that such a vice affected the allocation of credit to firms from the financing institutions. It also did not affect the performance of the business both in the market and in terms of profit making. This paper presents a counter argument on the positive relationship between finance and growth using China’s economy as a case study. Analysis of the Relationship between Finance and growth Economists concur on the fact that China has the fastest growing economy in the world. The Chinese economy has gained significance that no other economy can ignore its rate of growth. Pundits believe that the Chinese economy will surpass the size of the US economy by the time we get to the third decade of the current century (Yao & Yueh, 2009, p. 40). Professionally though, its per capita income level will remain very low compared to that of the United States. In some other quarters experts dismiss this predictions as misleading citing various facts. The strength of the China’s economy for instance, appears in its manufacturing sector that is so far challenging manufacturing sectors in advanced economies around the world. This is profound especially in economies that are labor intensive (Angelina, 2008, P. 76). China is also undertaking a top-down approach while entering the high technology industry. This means that the rate at which such an economy accelerates is high and will hit its peak very soon. The growth of technology receives maximum support form high-level research by a large of scientists as well as engineers finishing their undergraduate and postgraduate courses. China is an essential counterexample to findings in various fields among them institutions, law, growth of literature, and finance (Pagano, 1993, p. 619). This is despite the fact that it has very poor financial systems and legal structures. Its economy defies all these to become the fastest growing economy in the world (Patnaik, 2011, p. 33). A lot of information from scholarly articles in the field of law and finance demonstrates that the growth of formal financial institutions relates closely to a faster growth of business organizations in addition to enhancing better allocation of resources (Yu, 1998, p. 79). Literature from these articles also considers the value and input by informal financial systems in the development of economies from developing economies. Informal financing as defined in the scholarly literature entails small, shorter, and unsecured loans. These sources of finance are restricted to the rural areas, households, agricultural financing and contracts, small entrepreneurial engagements, and individuals. The loans target the lower cadre of the market within the developing economies (Hsieh & Klenow, 2009, p. 21). The same appears in the developed economies but takes a different approach.

Create a 7 pages page paper that discusses marketing plan of skyvision airlines. As part of business expansion, the Skyvision Airline is planning to enter full service airline operations.

Create a 7 pages page paper that discusses marketing plan of skyvision airlines. As part of business expansion, the Skyvision Airline is planning to enter full service airline operations. As the company is a key player in the industry, it has wider access to a range of potential resources including human and finance and this capability would be assistable for the organization to deal with business expansion activities. In addition, the company has an expert team of aircraft technicians and engineers, and therefore designing full service airlines may not be a difficult task for the firm. The Skyvision Airlines offers additional services including rent a car, hotel accommodation, and other amenities that can be booked online through the company’s website.

Executive summary of marketing plan

As the company focuses on a full service airline, high income groups would be the main target segments since low and middle class people may depend on low-fare discount carriers. The company will target customers on the basis of their tastes and specifications. Big players in the US airlines industry including Southwest Airlines and JetBlue Airlines are identified to be the potential competitors to Skyvision Airlines. In addition, the increased pressures from lower cost competitors may also raise serious threats to the company. While analyzing the services offered by the company, it seems that the firm has a range of potential advantages over its competitors. Like the most full service airlines, the Skyvision Airlines also operates aircrafts with cabins that have different three classes of services. The company management has budgeted one billion for this service plan implementation. However, the management is willing to raise additional finance if it becomes necessary. The Skyvision Airlines offers its services in economically as well as technologically developed regions to attract more urban customers. The company has a large number of flight services to industrially developing countries like India and China where thousands of people travel by air every day. As the company offers the full service airlines for the first time, it will charge a relatively lower price at initial stages. Stiff competition from low cost competitors also pressurizes the company to reduce its fare margins. The management has decided to raise its price margins once customers are attracted by its service quality. Description of the target market The company mainly plans to focus rich businessmen, business executives, high salaried employees, and other famous personalities including athletes and individuals from film industry. However, the organization will not ignore other classes of people completely as it also provides ordinary cabins. Nowadays women represent nearly fifty percent of nation’s employment sector and therefore it is necessary to target women and men with equal importance. According to IBM, family customers often choose full service airlines as they give first priority to privacy factor. hence, the company will give great emphasis on family customers while framing its promotional strategies. Skyvision Airlines will focus more on people under the age 55, because most of the old aged people are dependent on their younger family members.

submit a 1000 words paper on the topic Crimes In America.

Hi, need to submit a 1000 words paper on the topic Crimes In America. The authorities realized that by minimizing the number of civilians holding and permitted to use firearms, they would contain the spread of violent crimes (Lott 12). Prior to 2013 before the enactment of the Firearm Concealed Carry Act, Illinois was arguably the only state that did not permit even the licensed gun holders to carry such guns into public places. It would be illegal for such persons to conceal the guns with them while in public places. However, the state changed the law to permit gun holders to conceal the firearms with them while in public places since they faced potential threats from such places. In an attempt to regulate the use of firearms and to minimize the threat such people posed to those around them, the state government felt that there are effective and efficient police officers in all the public places. It would thus complicate the work of the police if the members of the public also carried their own firearms. However, through a court petition, licensed gun holders succeeded in compelling the state to change the legislation to permit them carry their weapons even in public places. The state also has stringent regulations that govern the issuance of guns to civilians. Anybody applying for guns must prove the eminent threat or any feature whether social or economic that makes them potential target to any source of threat. Additionally, they pay an amount of money before a sixteen-hour effective training on the use of the firearms. The state government must also assess their mental stability before proving and clearing them town guns. The government reserves the right to forfeit the guns on any basis including and not limited to mental stability of the applicant and past criminal records of the applicant. However, the state constitution states that the government will not infringe on the civilian’s right to own guns only that such interested public must prove to the authorities that they deserve the guns by passing all the set qualification procedures. Reducing the number of civilians with firearms in the state was the surest way of containing criminal activities. The government would therefore provide specific licenses to interested gun owners a document called Firearms owners identification card. With the identification card, the police among other state authorities could trace a gun or a bullet to a specific individual. This way, it became more difficult for such individuals to rent out their guns to criminals who would use such in carrying out criminal activities. To make such investigations easier, the government reduced the number of authorities permitted to lease guns to the public. It thus became the mandate of the government through the different police departments within the state. With such an effective and efficient gun management system coupled with the detailed filing system and training to the civilian applying for guns, the government rested assured of effective and timely use of the firearms. The policy that sought to reduce the number of civilians licensed to hold guns helped reduce marital wrangles and homicides as most of the gun holders would use their firearms in social squabbles such as family disputes. The laws required the gun holders to account for both the guns and bullets and produce both at any moment at the request of the police officers among other state authorities.

Create a 3 pages page paper that discusses involvement of family in relation to substance abuse. Psychological Stress: One could make emotionally charged struggles for him / herself and/or their kids by simply shouting, discussing straight down, disparaging or maybe manipulating. Hatred: One could grow to be severely hateful or even the family members can become hateful towards the one abusing substances, which includes striking, hammering as well as hitting one with dangerous objects. Segregation: One becomes remote from his/her companion along with searching for total gratification through sexually graphic, Web sexual intercourse, prostitution or maybe a secret individual in one’s life who one senses “understands”(Marina, 2006).

Create a 3 pages page paper that discusses involvement of family in relation to substance abuse. Psychological Stress: One could make emotionally charged struggles for him / herself and/or their kids by simply shouting, discussing straight down, disparaging or maybe manipulating. Hatred: One could grow to be severely hateful or even the family members can become hateful towards the one abusing substances, which includes striking, hammering as well as hitting one with dangerous objects. Segregation: One becomes remote from his/her companion along with searching for total gratification through sexually graphic, Web sexual intercourse, prostitution or maybe a secret individual in one’s life who one senses “understands”(Marina, 2006).

One’s lifestyle will certainly have an effect on your lover, your young ones along with family members. One will find there’s an excessive possibility that younger children will end up addicted to alcohol or drugs. Health Risks: Having during pregnancy could cause baby alcoholic beverages symptoms — injury to the child’s mental faculties (Robert, 1998). Cigarettes in the home may cause medical problems for family members through older smoke cigarettes, like carcinoma of the lung.

Substance abuse punishment affects various spouse and children buildings in another way. One lives alone or maybe with a partner: Both need help. If one has an obsession and the other doesn’t have, one can be afflicted by problems with co-dependence. One’s house is with a wife or husband or lover and young kids: Parents’ issues influence young children. Generally, in the event that both parents have harmful addictions, the effects on children can be more serious. One’s habit probably will pass right down to your children. Substance abuse hinders the step-family’s incorporation and stability (Robert, 1998). The family member may have an especially hard time addressing a more mature adult’s drug abuse.

Family members Constructions

Family maltreatment becomes an issue. The needs and worries connected with brothers, sisters or any other members of the family gets disregarded on account of problems a result of drug use.

Create a 5 pages page paper that discusses identification of learning disabilities in early childhood.

Create a 5 pages page paper that discusses identification of learning disabilities in early childhood. These theories will be used for understanding how different learning methodologies can assist a dyslexic student to overcome a learning disability. This analysis of theories concerning learning disabilities like dyslexia is supported by a case illustration of someone I know from childhood. I have studied with this individual and have also spent several years observing him coping with dyslexia with the help of his parents and teachers following theories like social learning and experiential learning theories. Case Study The case study involves my childhood friend James who was my neighbor as well as my classmate. James was often seen as facing difficulty in class reading assignments and finding it relatively difficult to differentiate between similar looking alphabetical letters and numbers. he also often complained about numbers and alphabets dancing in the notebook. Due to this inability to understand the figures shown to him, he was incapable of understanding and comprehending on the lessons taught to him like other normal students and same was reflected in his grades as well. Harsh teacher’s attitude, constant pressure from his parents about low grades in academics and social stigma demonstrated by his schoolfellows made him opt for less social contact. However, he was often appeared to be stimulated by drawing, figures, statues and anything having the apparent appearance. James’ mother being a former educationist herself identified this learning disability when James was in second grade. The positive side of this identification was relatively less pressure at home which made him trust his parents and also increased his confidence level. James told me that he was having a tutor after that who taught him with the help of sand trays, note cards, drawings, colors books and many other fun activities that make him memorize and understand the lesson being taught. Even they were found playing in the neighborhood park with sand and singing different poems out loud that was part of our curriculum however according to him, that was his study time and he was not playing. Since James’ mother wanted him to continue him to study with normal children, she sought assistance from his teachers’ as well. We often saw our teachers handing out different notes to him containing visual content about the lesson intended for that class. Slowly and gradually, James began to gain the understanding of what was being taught to him. He was able to identify differences between similar numbers and alphabets and his grades started getting better with the same reflecting in his confidence as well. Theoretical Analysis Analyzing James’ learning disability and his coping with it helped in understanding how the magnocellular theory of dyslexia, social learning theory, and Kolb’s experiential learning can be used to design treatment for dyslexic children. Since dyslexic patient faces difficulties in reading, phonological tasks, memorizing things and phonics skills along with other tasks, having an auditory support for visual imagery can help in understanding and fulfilling phonological needs of reading (Department for Education & Skills, 2004). This illustration helped in understanding why James and his tutor used to sing poems while watching visuals of it.

Create a thesis and an outline on Polyphony in the Middle Ages. Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the APA Style Guide. An abstract is required.

I need help creating a thesis and an outline on Polyphony in the Middle Ages. Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the APA Style Guide. An abstract is required. The first parallel organum was the Musical enchiriadis (Musical Handbook) which emerged in 9th century1. Occasionally, two voices in the music began in unison followed by vox organalis climbs to its hiatus, receding at the ends of phrases to the unison. This form was followed by the Ad organum facienddum2 .

In the 11th century, four other organums emerged. This includes florid organum, melismatic organum, duplum organum, and organum purum. Dalahoyde notes that the unmeasured melismatic dupum involved the use of long tenure notes. Aquitanian organum of the 11th century which is linked to the French SW ‘Discant organum’ involved the use of two voices falling into a rhythmic style. This style of organum involved 6/8 or sometimes 8/9 fell, singing at the same pace for a passage. Dalahoyde reveals that in the 11th and 12th centuries, the octaves, fourth and fifth were perceived constant but not thirds. He notes that the standard closing sonority was 1-5-8 structure because it involved two perfect intervals3.

Notre-Dome is also a style of early organum which came into being in the 12th century. It is derived from the Notre Dame Cathedral which was constructed in 1163. Notre Dame has two parts: organa and several clausulae, motets, and Conductus. In organa, the melody involved the use of long notes with the original part being left free and measured rhythm but with complex melismata. The free melismatic style is used when the original melody of the playing is syllabic in nature. Under discantus style, two parts of the play song move notes by note rhythmically or in forms derived from the music of troubadour. The discantus style is employed especially when playchant is elaborated in lyrical form4.

Clausula is another form of Notre Dame Style developed in the 12th and 13th centuries. It is based on small portions of Gregorian chant as opposed to the original which is based on the whole chant.

prepare and submit a term paper on Globalization Today. Your paper should be a minimum of 1750 words in length.

You will prepare and submit a term paper on Globalization Today. Your paper should be a minimum of 1750 words in length. Interestingly, the debate does not lie solely on whether it is a modern or a traditional occurrence. Some argue that it has adverse effects on countries’ economies while others rebut this notion. This paper seeks to analyze globalization aspects in relation to the international marketing.

Often, there tends to be confusion of what exactly entails the issue of globalization but as this section will highlight, this word is used more in regard to international trade. According to Cerny (2009), globalization refers to the increased interdependence of economies in regard to finance, trade as well as macroeconomic policy. Others described globalization as the diffusion of values, technology and practices that influence lives globally (Pieterse, 2012). Still, it is explained as social geography reconfiguration that is characterized by supra territorial and trans-planetary growth between various groups of people (Srivastava, n.d.).

While the above explanations and descriptions of the term globalization may vary in wording, the central word coming out clearly is cross-border relations. That is to say that a country is no longer relying solely on its resources but others as well. Three words are closely associated with globalization: liberalization, internationalization and universalization.

Liberalization is used to imply that countries decide to lighten the trade restrictions that tend to stifle the ability to go about trading activities. Nothing explains this part better than a case of the Indian economy. It was reported that in 1991, the country’s economy suffered adversely where its currency reserve crippled to $1billion. After embracing the LPG policy (Liberalization, Privatization and Globalization), the country’s major sectors, agriculture financial, industrial and health, improved tremendously (Dharini, 2014). Earlier, the country’s restrictions on foreign investors were somewhat punitive thus making it hard.

Compare the nature and impact of nationalism in India and in sub-Saharan Africa in the 20th century. The work is to be 3 pages with three to five sources, with in-text citations and a reference page.

I will pay for the following article Compare the nature and impact of nationalism in India and in sub-Saharan Africa in the 20th century. The work is to be 3 pages with three to five sources, with in-text citations and a reference page. By the end of the nineteenth century many Indians began feeling that to instill a sense of pride in the nation. Indian history had to be thought about differently. “By the time of the early civilizations there was a certain amount of interregional trade linking, for example, parts of the Middle East to North Western India. Separateness, in sum, was not an absolute.” (Peter N., 2012)

It seems to handle a lot of tension when an individual deals with the long early history of humans or mankind. On one hand, it is very much tempting to study in detailed version and to go in depth to find new discoveries, information about human evolution, important connections between the history of humankind, and the history of earth prior to its creation. While on the contrary, dealing with situations happened or occurred ages ago that are very different from patterns in the world today. “Fundamental transformation is easy to claim, but it is also abstract. Childhood provides a concrete example.” (Peter N., 2012)

It is said that by the late 1870s, there was a new modern stage already set for the development and progress of Indian intellectual life. “Scientific work has steadily expanded what we know about early humans, from their starting point in East Africa to their migrations to almost every habitable part of the world by 25,000 B.C.E.” (Peter N., 2012) Furthermore, there is a lot of variation in the sub Saharan Africa explained with the help of existing theories of nationalism which were build on certain theories of ethnic identity and nationalism. However, the ethnic share and the ethnic dominance shows a pattern different to the expectation that nationalism is directly proportional to the population which means nationalism increases with size. Nationalism completed a variety of needs in different parts of the world and it had become a significant and powerful political force by the 1900. IMPACT OF NATIONALISM IN INDIA The growth of the Indian nationalism basically started in the nineteenth century. This process had brought political unification in India. Also, the country saw a decrease in social and economic system. India was not largely dominated by agriculture. However, “Early human activities and changes thus established key aspects of the framework in which global societies still function- including wide geographic distribution and the capacity to increase food supply through agriculture.” (Peter N., 2012) Hindu nationalism is a reaction to two other nationalisms. In imagination about India’s national identity is that there was always an idea present for the Hindu nationalism. Therefore, nationalism process began due to the modern trade, industry, and the increase in social classes. Indians, from the beginning, never liked the two centuries of British rule so they started to follow their own political ideas. IMPACT OF NATIONALISM ON SUB SAHARAN AFRICA The south of the Africa was captured by the Europeans in the late nineteenth century. Initially, nationalism gained strength in that region after the Second World War and then, independence was achieved during the 1950s to the early 1970s. However, the newly independent Africa had issues with the political institutions as well as economic development. Furthermore, it did not have any proper cultural identity.

Write a 7 pages paper on douglass : what it was to be a slave in the united states.

Write a 7 pages paper on douglass : what it was to be a slave in the united states. Douglass illustrates, through the narrative he tells, the meaning of slavery for both the individual and the State. What it was to be a slave in the United States Slave families were always torn apart by their masters. Before babies reached a year old, their mothers were taken away, an action that probably intended to break the affection bond between the mother and the baby. Consequently, many of the slaves grew up not knowing who their real parents were. For Douglass’s case, he never knew his parental side. Moreover, enslaved women were harassed and abused sexually. He is not aware of his birthday, and his mother was separated from him when he was only a year old, yet unfortunately she died when Douglass was seven years and saw her son only three to four times in her life time. He speculates that his father was Anthony Aaron, the master of the plantation that Douglass worked on, since it was usual for slave owners to rape or have affairs with enslaved women in detention. Children born of such affairs could not be told who their real fathers were, and when they grew up, they would join the enslaved population in working on the plantations. This describes the total lack of the sense of self, which characterized the slaves in the American south. Slavery in the US was an intrinsic injustice, bondage in itself, not necessarily how the master inflicted on the slave insofar as clothing, shelter, religion, food, life, and discipline were concerned. The whole system was unjust since the slaves were innocent to deserve all the punishments and brutality. Given inequality of power and human nature, evil treatment of slaves was unavoidable. On the plantation, Douglass witnessed the cruelty of enslavement. He witnessed the first whipping when he was seven years and this left a lasting impression in his mind. He writes, “It was the first of a long sequence of such angers, of which I was fated to be a participant and a witness. It was a blood-stained gate, an entrance to the hell of being a slave, which I was about to pass through (Douglass 62).” Unhealthy low nation regions caused numerous slave deaths especially because of the poor working conditions. All the slaves shared the pain of a life without freedom, though key differences existed between house servants and the lives of field hands. Slaves worked from sunrise to sunset in every facet of farming from planting, weeding, land preparing, the harvest and transportation to the market. Following the harvest, field hand slaves mended faces, repaired tools, dug ditches, and constructed structures needed on the farms. With little clothing, food, or rest to keep them going, this was a hard and grueling life at its best. When slave owners established families, they brought some women slaves into their homes to act as dressmakers, nurses, cooks, and servants. Though less tough physically than fieldwork, working as an enslaved domestic was rigorous and exhausting. Officially on duty from dawn to ten at night, they could be summoned at any hour. All major commercial ventures involved skills, labor, and ingenuity of enslaved Africans. Large plantations like the one where Douglass began work required skilled mechanical workers and field workers. Metalworkers, carpenters, watch smiths, coopers, blacksmiths, grain grinders, sailors, gun makers, cart writers, and weavers were all extracted from black Americans. Slaves were not given any opportunity and especially in education.