The questionnaire must have all types of questions you studied in the chapters, e.g. Dichotomous (Yes/ No), Multichotomous (MCQ), Check List, Ranking & Rating Scale as well as Open-ended questions.

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Provisional Questions for data collection 

(Questionnaire) 

By this time, you will have a good knowledge of data collection techniques and the measurement questions and instruments. Develop a good questionnaire based on the chapters from the textbook (module 5-9). The questionnaire must have all types of questions you studied in the chapters, e.g. Dichotomous (Yes/ No), Multichotomous (MCQ), Check List, Ranking & Rating Scale as well as Open-ended questions. Minimum 20 questions should be included in the questionnaire (mentioning the type of question). The logical sequence must be maintained and the ideal format and basic guidelines must be adhered.

EQUALITY AND CIVIL RIGHTS AND THE CHALLENGE OF DEMOCRACY

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EQUALITY AND CIVIL RIGHTS AND THE CHALLENGE OF DEMOCRACY

With the separate-but-equal decision of Plessy v. Ferguson in 1876, the national government tried to sweep the conflict between equality and freedom under the rug. By announcing in Brown v. Board of Education in 1954 that “separate is inherently unequal,” the national government faced the tension between freedom and equality and the fact that more of one usually means less of the other. The meaning of equality also creates difficulties. Many who agree on the need for equality of opportunity will not support measures they think are geared to produce equality of outcome. The struggle for civil rights also illustrates the conflict between pluralism and majoritarianism. In accepting the demands of African American citizens, the national government acts in a way that is more pluralist than majoritarian. As Chapter 1 pointed out, majoritarian democracy does what the majority wants and thus may allow discrimination against minorities, even though the substantive outcome (inequality) seems undemocratic.

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Thus, questions about what kind of public policies should be adopted to achieve equality are often highly controversial. If the nation wants to promote racial and gender equality among doctors or sheet metal workers, for example, it may design policies to help previously disadvantaged and underrepresented groups gain jobs in these areas. This practice, however, may lead to charges of reverse discrimination.

African Americans seeking civil rights not only had to contend with being members of a minority group, but they also were largely excluded from the electoral process. Under the leadership of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), they adopted the strategies of lobbying legislators and pressing claims before the judiciary, the branch of government least susceptible to majoritarian influences. Later, as the civil rights movement grew (and as majority opinion became more hospitable to their cause), they emphasized the importance of legislation as a method of achieving equality and also used the techniques of civil disobedience to challenge laws they believed to be unjust. This quest for racial equality remains incomplete. A part of a mandatory response to a new UN treaty, the U.S. State Department reported in 2000 that racial discrimination still persists in the United States. Under the same treaty, advocates of racial equality may appeal to an international authority to end racial or other forms of discrimination.

The women’s movement offers an interesting contrast to the case of African Americans. Women are not actually a minority group; they are a majority of the population. Yet, in the struggle to pass the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA), pluralism prevailed! Although a majority of Americans favored the amendment, it failed. The amending process, by requiring extraordinary majorities, gives enormous power to minorities bent on thwarting a particular cause.

 

Two Conceptions of Equality

Throughout much of American history, civil rights—the powers and privileges supposedly guaranteed to individuals and protected from arbitrary removal at the hand of government—have often been denied to certain citizens on the basis of their race or sex. The pursuit of civil rights in America has been a story of the search for social and economic equality. But people differ on what equality means. Most Americans support equal opportunity, but many are less committed to equality of outcome.

The Civil War Amendments

After the Civil War, the Thirteenth, Fourteen, and Fifteenth amendments were passed to ensure freedom and equality for African Americans. In addition, as a response to the black codes, Congress passed civil rights acts in 1866 and 1875 to guarantee civil rights and access to public accommodations. While the legislative branch was attempting to strengthen African American civil rights, the judicial branch seemed intent on weakening them through a number of decisions that gave states room to maneuver around civil rights laws. States responded with a variety of measures limiting the rights of African Americans, including poll taxes, grandfather clauses that prevented them from voting, and Jim Crow laws that restricted their use of public facilities. These restrictions were upheld in Plessy v. Ferguson, which justified them under the separate-but-equal doctrine. By the end of the nineteenth century, segregation was firmly and legally entrenched in the South.

 

The Dismantling of School Segregation

The NAACP led the campaign for African American civil rights. Its activists used the mechanism of the courts to press for equal facilities for African Americans and then to challenge the constitutionality of the separate-but-equal doctrine itself. In 1954, in Brown v. Board of Education, a class-action suit, the Supreme Court reversed its earlier decision in the Plessy case. It ruled that “separate educational facilities are inherently unequal” and that segregated schools must be integrated “with all deliberate speed” under the direction of the federal courts. The Court thus ordered an end to school segregation that had been imposed by law (de jure segregation), but in many parts of the country segregation persisted, because African Americans and whites lived in different areas and sent their children to local schools (de facto segregation). This problem led the courts to require the unpopular remedy of bussing African American and white children as a means of integrating schools. By 1974, however, the Supreme Court began to limit bussing as ordered by the judicial branch.

 

The Civil Rights Movement

The NAACP’s use of the legal system ended school segregation and achieved some other, more limited, goals, but additional pressure for desegregation in all aspects of American life grew out of the civil rights movement. The first salvo in the civil rights movement came when African Americans in Montgomery, Alabama, boycotted the city’s bus system to protest Rosa Parks’s arrest and the law that prohibited African Americans from sitting in the front of buses. Under the leadership of Martin Luther King, Jr., the movement grew, and civil rights activities, including nonviolent civil disobedience, spread.

In the early 1960s, President Kennedy was gradually won over to supporting the civil rights movement. In 1963, he asked Congress to outlaw segregation in public accommodations. Following Kennedy’s death, President Lyndon Johnson made passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 his top legislative priority, and the bill passed despite a long debate and filibuster in the Senate. More civil rights legislation followed in 1965 and 1968. This time, the legality of civil rights acts was upheld by the Supreme Court.

Having civil rights laws on the books does not mean discrimination will end once and for all, however. For one thing, the courts must interpret the laws and apply them to individual cases. In the Grove City College case, the Supreme Court offered a very narrow interpretation of a civil rights law, in effect taking the teeth out of the legislation. Congress reasserted its original, more sweeping intent in the Civil Rights Restoration Act of 1988.

Meanwhile, the Court, with a new conservative majority in the ascendancy, continued to issue decisions limiting the scope of previous civil rights rulings. Civil rights groups looked to Congress to restore rights previously recognized, but presidential vetoes scuttled such measures until 1991.

Despite Dr. King’s commitment to nonviolence, the struggle for civil rights was not always a peaceful one. White violence against civil rights workers included murders and bombings. By the late 1960s, racial violence had increased as African Americans demanded their rights, but many whites remained unwilling to recognize them. The African American nationalist movements, often militant, promoted “black power” and helped instill racial pride in African Americans.

 

Civil Rights for Other Minorities

Civil rights legislation won through the struggles of African Americans also protects other minorities. Native Americans, Latinos, and disabled Americans were also often victims of discrimination. Native Americans were not even considered citizens until 1924. The Indian reservations established by the U.S. government were poverty-stricken. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, the frustrations of Native Americans erupted into militancy. By the mid-1970s and early 1980s, they began to win important legal victories, including compensation for land taken by the U.S. government. Recently, new entrepreneurial tribal leadership of Indian tribes has capitalized on the special status of their tribes and enjoyed economic success by sponsoring casino gambling ventures.

Latinos who migrated to the United States seeking economic opportunities found poverty and discrimination instead. This problem was compounded by the language barrier and the inattention of public officials to their needs. Latinos, too, have used the courts to gain greater representation on governing bodies. Recently, they have begun to be successful in obtaining elected and appointed political offices.

Building on the model of existing civil rights laws, disabled Americans managed to gain recognition as an oppressed minority and, through the 1990 Americans with Disabilities Act, receive the protection of a right of access to employment and facilities.

 

Homosexual Americans

Though gays and lesbians have made significant progress, they have not yet succeeded in passing a complete civil rights law protecting their rights. The 2000 Supreme Court decision in Boy Scouts of America v. Dale illustrated the continued struggles of gays and lesbians for civil rights. The court ruled that homosexuals could be excluded from leadership positions in the organization.

The demand for equality has recently been extended to the institution of marriage. In 2003, the State of Massachusetts recognized same-sex marriages.

 

Gender and Equal Rights: The Women’s Movement

Civil rights have long been denied to women, partly as a result of policies designed to protect women from ill-treatment. Only after a long struggle did women win the right to vote under the Nineteenth Amendment that was passed in 1920. Yet gaining the right to vote did not bring the equality that women hoped for. Discrimination continued in the workplace and elsewhere. It took legislation such as the 1963 Equal Pay Act, the 1964 Civil Rights Act, and Title IX of the Education Amendments Act of 1972 to prohibit these other forms of discrimination against women. In the early 1970s, the Court began to strike down gender-based discriminations that could not be justified as serving an important government purpose. In 1996, the Court applied a new standard of “skeptical scrutiny” to acts denying rights based on sex. This new standard makes distinctions based on sex almost as suspect as those based on race.

For many years, the Court proved reluctant to use the Fourteenth Amendment as the basis for guaranteeing women’s rights. As a result, proponents of equal rights for women sought an amendment to ensure that women’s rights stood on a clear constitutional footing. Although the ERA was ratified by 35 states, it fell three states short of the minimum number required for adoption and did not become the law of the land, although many states eventually adopted their own ERAs. Some scholars argue that, in practice, the Supreme Court has since implemented the equivalent of the ERA through its decisions. Affirmative Action: Equal Opportunity or Equal Outcome?

The Johnson administration started a number of programs to overcome the effects of past discrimination by extending opportunities to groups previously denied rights. These affirmative action programs involved positive or active steps taken to assist members of groups formerly denied equality of opportunity.

These programs soon led to charges of reverse discrimination. The Court, however, has found some role for affirmative action programs. In the Bakke decision, a split court held that race could be one of several constitutionally permissible admissions criteria. In other cases, the Court has allowed the use of quotas to correct past discriminatory practices. In the Adarand case, however, the Court decided that programs that award benefits based on race must themselves be held up to a strict scrutiny standard—a test few could pass. Based on the Adarand case, a federal court in 1996 rejected the use of race or ethnicity as a condition for admission to the University of Texas law school. The Supreme Court sent a mixed message in its review of the University of Michigan affirmative action policies in 2003. The court ruled that an undergraduate affirmative action formula was unconstitutional, but that a law school admissions standard that included a racial preference was acceptable.

 

Essential Facts and Information-for assignments and tests

  1. Civil Rights-Laws are found in the constitution under the 14th amendment and within a series of civil rights acts.See the link on the major civil rights acts

In addition to this chart there is also legislation protecting the disabled and the aged. Civil rights became legal and enforceable under the equal protection clause of the 14th amendment Even though this provision passed it was interpreted by the conservative courts to still retain discrimination . The 14th amendment states the states cannot deny equal protections in their laws to favor one racial group over another. The post civil war amendments took control over the states in terms of what laws they can pass that are discriminatory in nature. This is another reason why and how federalism changed in America.

  1. These rights are positive freedom rights where the government must enforce these rights using the agencies of government.
  2. Parties can sue the government and private businesses that engage in discriminatory practices, unlike civil liberties where you can only sue governmental institutions. See the Civil Rights Act of 1964

 

The Civil Rights Act of 1964

President Lyndon B. Johnson considered civil rights his top legislative priority. Within months after he assumed office, Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the most comprehensive legislative attempt ever to erase racial discrimination in the United States. Among its many provisions, the act:

  • Entitled all persons to “the full and equal enjoyment” of goods, services, and privileges in places of public accommodation without discrimination on the grounds of race, color, religion, or national origin
  • Established the right to equality in employment opportunities
  • Strengthened voting rights legislation
  • Created the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) and charged it with hearing and investigating complaints of job discrimination
  • Provided that funds could be withheld from federally assisted programs that were administered in a discriminatory manner

President Johnson’s goal was a “great society.” Soon a constitutional amendment and a series of civil rights laws were in place to help him meet his goal:

  • The Twenty-fourth Amendment, ratified in 1964, banned poll taxes in primary and general elections for national office.
  • The Economic Opportunity Act of 1964 focused on education and training to combat poverty.
  • The Voting Rights Act of 1965 empowered the attorney general to send voter registration supervisors to areas in which fewer than half the eligible minority voters had been registered. This act has been credited with doubling black voter registration in the South in only five years.
  • The Fair Housing Act of 1968 banned discrimination in the rental or sale of most housing.
  1. These rights protect certain groups from discrimination. The protected groups are as follows- race, color, creed, women, the elderly, sexual orientation, and the disabled. These groups can sue under various civil rights acts by going first to the Equal Employment Opportunities Commission ( a regulatory agency) to submit a complaint free of charge if they think they have been discriminated against. This is one manifestation of the value of positive freedom.
  2. Equality is now part of our legal structure starting in 1868 onward. The federal government has an affirmative action program for federal employees and for government contracts. Some states under federalism have affirmative action programs. California in the 2020 elections still bans affirmative action programs.
  3. The Civil Rights Movement is responsible for producing a greater degree of equality in schools, employment and housing. School segregation was banned by the supreme court in 1954. history of the Brown Decision of 1964
  4. Plessy v. Ferguson Case- The supreme court was very conservative in 1896 they stated that equal protection means that segregation can exist as long as governments provide facilities equal in quality or about the same. What did equal protection mean in 1896?

This ruling was in effect until the Brown Decision, some 58 years. This meant that the states could legally practice segregation in public accommodations , housing, schools, and employment. The south had black codes and Jim Crow laws that were considered perfectly legal until the famous katzenbach v. McClung decision that we already looked at in an earlier module.(1964)

8 see all major civil rights laws in this linkMajor civil rights laws

 

—————————————————————————————————-

Use the lecture, links, and textbook to answer these questions.

  1. Civil Rights are different than Civil Liberties. Explain positive and negative freedom as they apply to these different set of rights.
  2. Define what a civil right is? Where do these rights appear in the constitution?
  3. Can you sue private businesses for civil rights violations?
  4. Copy the portions of the 14th amendment that prohibit the states from violating civil rights?

5 Go to the link on the Brown Decision and summarize the facts, laws, and ruling in this case?

  1. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibited specific forms of discrimination. What forms of discrimination were prohibited and what groups are protected under this law?
  2. The equal protection clause of the 14th amendment provides that all laws must be applied equally regardless of race or ethnicity etc. What was the old equal protection standard as defined in the Plessy case? see the link or textbook for the answer.

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Discussion (need 200 words)

A controversial area involving civil rights v. religious liberty comes into play when these rights conflict with one another. Should a devoutly religious bakery owner be allowed to assert the religious liberty right when denying gay customers service? There is a supreme court ruling on this case. Read it and comment explaining your personal opinion.

 In India, the lack of clean water is faced by all sections of society. New Delhi, the capital of India, is a megacity with a population of an estimated 21.72 million[2]. Rapid urbanization, industrialization and an increase in the population of the city have caused an inadequate supply of water amongst the residents of New Delhi.

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Introduction

Water Management is defined as “the study, planning, monitoring, and application of quantitative and qualitative control and development techniques for long-term, multiple use of the diverse forms of water resources.”[1] Clean and safe drinking water is a fundamental human right that is being denied to millions worldwide. Not only is it an essential source for survival but also clean and safe drinking water is important for good health standards, growth and development. Nearly 1.2 billion people in the world lack access to safe drinking water and 2.4 billion lack adequate sanitation (Davis, 2005).

 

In India, the lack of clean water is faced by all sections of society. New Delhi, the capital of India, is a megacity with a population of an estimated 21.72 million[2]. Rapid urbanization, industrialization and an increase in the population of the city have caused an inadequate supply of water amongst the residents of New Delhi. It has been reported “people living in the slums often pay 5-10 times more per liter of water than wealthy people living in the same city.[3]” Currently the three sources of water in Delhi are identified as The Yamuna River, The Municipal Sector and Private Organizations. Water is a luxury, commodity, necessity and therefore a service that should be provided to everyone equally.  Clean and safe drinking water is a fundamental human right that unfortunately is being denied to millions due to mismanagement of water supply and services.

 

“The main source of water for the Capital, the Yamuna, according to the Central Pollution Control Board, falls under the category `E’ which makes it fit only for recreation and industrial cooling, completely ruling out the possibility for underwater life, let alone serve as drinking water.”[4] With the largest source of water in the capital has been declared unfit for use it is hard not to question what the government and municipal bodies and organizations are doing to control and solve this issue. Corruption and bureaucracy at each level of governance make it even harder for those from no or low-income households to demand rights. Every year, water borne and water related diseases become the cause of death of thousands of people living in the city. The lack of education is one of the many factors associated with poor sanitation and the misuse of water.

 

Despite overall availability of 830-840 Million Gallons Per Day, there are shortages of water in various areas of the Capital. It is mainly because of unequal distribution of water in different areas.  In any conventional water conductor system, the localities at the head of the system get more water. Consequently tail end areas receive lesser quantity. On the other hand, planned areas with proper distribution systems receive and utilize more water in comparison to unplanned areas. So as to distribute available water in an equitable manner, the Government has planned construction of 53 additional water storage reservoirs all over Delhi. Throughout the year, particularly during the summer months of May and June, when the temperature exceeds 40°C, different parts of the area face acute water scarcity, because of declining water supply, its intermittence, zonal disparity, degradation of the water resource and inadequate civic facilities .

 

I present my argument by outlining the existing distribution channels that include the municipal board, private companies and social enterprises by examining their roles to supply clean and safe water and the challenges faced by them to address the commission of providing a sustainable water distribution mechanism. This will be achieved by an in depth analysis of the organizational structure, efficiency of the structure  as well as economic, social and environmental sustainability of these distribution channels.

 

[1] http://www.ec.gc.ca/eau-water/default.asp?lang=En&n=DC49AFC4-1

[2] https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/in.html

[3] http://water.org/learn-about-the-water-crisis/facts/#water

[4] http://hindu.com/2002/06/25/stories/2002062506380400.htm

 

Be more descriptive, why should be provided equally?

 

 

Bring this sentence to the comment 3 above

 

How is there a mismanagement?

 

You can remove this, cause you already mention it above

 

For this paragraph, you should construct it so that you talk about all the negative aspects first and then discuss the positive aspects. Then bring it to close by saying that the positives still aren’t helping the negatives and why

 

Maybe you don’t need to mention efficiency, as it can come under organizational structure. So your three topic statements could be: 1. Organizational structure 2. Economic and social impacts 3. Environmental sustainability

Based on your readings, develop a productivity management system for a child care center. How will you measure productivity? What strategies could you use to increase productivity based on the measurement tools you selected?

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Based on your readings, develop a productivity management system for a child care center. How will you measure productivity? What strategies could you use to increase productivity based on the measurement tools you selected?

Make sure you discuss this topic with others – reply to at least 3 other students for full credit!

**Remember, you are all adults, so please be respectful of others.

Twitter is a mainstay of people of all ages to keep in touch with each other and seemingly validate their own existence.  What measures are in place to secure Twitter accounts and could be improved in securing them?

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This week, write a minimum 2-page essay (about 1,000 words, double spaced, APA format) answering the following question:

Twitter is a mainstay of people of all ages to keep in touch with each other and seemingly validate their own existence.  What measures are in place to secure Twitter accounts and could be improved in securing them?

T.H., a 57-year-old stockbroker, has come to the gastroenterologist for treatment of recurrent mild to severe cramping in his abdomen and blood-streaked stool. You are the registered nurse doing his initial workup. Your findings include a mildly obese man who demonstrates moderate guarding of his abdomen with both direct and rebound tenderness, especially in the left lower quadrant (LLQ).

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T.H., a 57-year-old stockbroker, has come to the gastroenterologist for treatment of recurrent mild to severe cramping in his abdomen and blood-streaked stool. You are the registered nurse doing his initial workup. Your findings include a mildly obese man who demonstrates moderate guarding of his abdomen with both direct and rebound tenderness, especially in the left lower quadrant (LLQ). His vital signs are 168/98, 110, 24, 100.4° F (38° C); he is slightly diaphoretic. T.H. reports that he has periodic constipation. He has had previous episodes of abdominal cramping, but this time the pain is getting worse. Past medical history reveals that T.H. has a “sedentary job with lots of emotional moments,” he has smoked a pack of cigarettes a day for 30 years, and he had “two or three mixed drinks in the evening” until 2 months ago. He states, “I haven’t had anything to drink in 2 months.” He denies having regular exercise: “just no time.” His diet consists mostly of “white bread, meat, potatoes, and ice cream with fruit and nuts over it.” He denies having a history of cardiac or pulmonary problems and has no personal history of cancer, although his father and older brother died of colon cancer. He takes no medications and denies the use of any other drugs or herbal products.

. 1. Identify four general health risk problems that T.H. exhibits.

  1. Identify a key factor in his family history that might have profound implications for his health and present state of mind.

3.The physician ordered a KUB (x-ray study of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder), complete blood count (CBC), and complete metabolic profile. Based on x-ray and laboratory findings, physical examination findings, and history, the physician diagnoses T.H. as having acute diverticulitis and discusses an outpatient treatment plan with him.What is diverticulitis? What are the consequences of untreated diverticulitis?

4.While the patient is experiencing the severe crampy pain of acute diverticulitis, what interventions would you perform to help him feel more comfortable?

5. What is the rationale for ordering bed rest?

T.H. is being sent home with prescriptions for metronidazole (Flagyl) 500mg PO q6h, ciprofloxacin (Cipro) 500mg PO q12h, and dicyclomine (Bentyl) 20mg  4 tomes per day for 5 days.

6.For each medication, state the drug class and the purpose for T.H.

 7.Given his history, what questions must you ask T.H. before he takes the initial dose of metronidazole? State your rationale

8.What is a disulfiram reaction?

9. What are the signs and symptoms of an allergic reaction

Telesource and Belair are two of the largest firms in the wireless carrier market in Mobileland.  Both firms account for more than 80% of the market.  Suppose they decide to collude and set the same price.  Their payoffs from cheating and colluding are given in the matrix below.

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UMGC  – Landstuhl y Rota+                                                                                                                                    Economics 203

Fall (ii) 2020                                                                                                                                                           Exercise 7

 

Exercise 7  (25 points; 15 points individual; 10 points class bonus) (If Extra Credit, maximum score = 15)

Please note that you must complete your answers on this sheet.  And that you must turn in your answers to Exercise 7 before the beginning of our Week 8 class.   

 

Note:  If Exercise 7 counts as an extra-credit exercise, you must answer all of the questions in order to be eligible to receive extra-credit points. If Exercise 7 is a make-up exercise, you must answer all of the questions to receive the 10 class bonus points, as per every other exercise.

 

Last Name, First Name:

 

Individual Score:  (-     = +   /15

Class Score:  +  /10

Total Score:   +  /25

 

  1. Question #1 Score = (- = + / 3.0

(Dominant Strategy Equilibrium; Week 6)  (3 points; as marked)

Telesource and Belair are two of the largest firms in the wireless carrier market in Mobileland.  Both firms account for more than 80% of the market.  Suppose they decide to collude and set the same price.  Their payoffs from cheating and colluding are given in the matrix below.

  • Explain why both firms have an incentive to cheat. (Make sure you explain how we reach the dominant-strategy equilibrium.) (1.5 points) (-

Answer:

 

  • Does this help explain why a cartel is unstable? (1.5 points) (-

Answer:

 

Telesource

 

Collude                                                                    Cheat

 

 

Collude                    Belair earns $24 million                                         Belair earns $4 million

Telesource earns $24 million                                 Telesource earns $30 million

Belair

 

                                Cheat                       Belair earns $30 million                                         Belair earns $20 million

Telesource earns $4 million                                   Telesource earns $20 million

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

  1. Question #2 Score = (-  = +  /3.0

 

(a)           Coase Theorem (Week 7) (1.5 points) (.375 points per segment) (-

For each of the cases below, identify which of them are more consistent with the assumptions of the Coase Theorem (see Week 7 slides) that would produce a privately negotiated solution to a (negative) externality problem.  What assumptions?  Well-defined property rights and low transaction costs.  You must identify which assumptions are violated or met to receive credit for each case.

 

  • My neighbor would like me to remove a shrub in my front yard that is an eyesore to his family, not to mention its effect on the property value of his home. (-

Answer:

 

  • The entire neighborhood is annoyed that I park an old jalopy on my front lawn. They’re also disgusted that I haven’t painted my house for years so that the paint is cracking, the paneling is rotting, and so on. (-

Answer:

 

 

  • A coal-fire electricity plant dumps its leftover hot water into a nearby lake, killing the natural fish population. Thousands of homes line the lake bank. (-

Answer:

 

 

  • A coal-fire electricity plant dumps its leftover water into a nearby river, killing the fish population downstream. It turns out that downstream is found a large fishery, which, of course, is most affected by this.  Past this fishery, the water cools so that it’s no longer a problem. (-

Answer:

 

(b)   (Externalities and Coase Theorem) (1.5 point) (.375 per segment)

A local town is under pressure from voters to close a polluting factory.  The head of the homeowners’ organization argues that the pollution is a menace, and if the full external costs of the pollution were calculated, the factory would not be profitable.  The homeowners calculate that the pollution generates an external cost of $3,000,000 per year in medical bills and $1,000,000 per year in suppressed property values, which reflects the difference in home prices with and without pollution.  The factory makes a profit of $5,000,000 per year.

 

  • What is the external cost of the pollution? (-

Answer:

 

  • If the factory were forced to consider the total social costs of pollution, would it be profitable? (-

Answer:

 

  • How much could the town tax the factory before profits become zero? (-

Answer:

 

(iv)           What does the Coase theorem suggest about negotiations between the town and the factory? (-

Answer:

  1. Question #3 Score = (- ) = + / 3.0

 

(Externalities; Week 7)  (an interesting application?)  (2 points, .4 points per segment, except where marked)

Cultural influences often produce externalities.  Consider the market for one cultural good:  the romance novel.  In these novels (I’m told!), men are dangerous, yet safe; wealthy, but do not work much; ride high-speed motorcycles without accident; maintain their appearances even though they do not work out, and so on.  (Of course, you could make a similar argument about female models that appear in advertising, if you wish.  So if you’d like to change the example, be my guest.)

 

Consider the market for romance novels depicted in the diagram below, where the market equilibrium is where D (MB private) = S (MC private), as we discussed in class.

 

Price per novel                                  D = MB (private)

S = MC(private)

 

 

 

P*

 

 

 

 

Q*                                        Q (romance novels)

 

(a)           Assume, then, that romance novels impose a marginal external cost (MEC) on men, who (we’re assuming) try to live up to these unrealistic expectations.  Illustrate in the diagram above the effect of this MEC. (-

Answer:

 

(b)           Illustrate in the diagram the deadweight loss that accrues from this externality, before a tax or other solution is imposed. (-

Answer:

 

(c)            If the government decides to compensate for the externality by imposing a tax on romance novels, should the tax be high enough to stop everyone from reading the novels?  Why or why not?  (-

Answer:

 

(d)           Identify on your graph the per-unit tax that would generate the socially optimal solution.  (Simply draw in an arrow that points to the correct segment and label it “Pigovian per-unit tax.” (-

Answer:

 

(e)           As long as the government spends the money efficiently, does it matter what the government spends the money from the “romance novel tax” on? In other words, can the government simply use the money to pay for roads and schools? Or must it spend the money to counter the harmful social effects of romance novels? (-

Answer:

 

(f)            Would you favor such a tax?  Why or why not?  (-

Answer:

 

  1. Question #4 Score = (- ) = + / 3.0

(Private Goods and Club Goods); Week 7 (2 points; .4 points per segment)

Perhaps you’ve seen or heard ads claiming that downloading or copying media is equivalent to stealing.  Let’s think about this.

 

  • Is a DVD a club or a private good? Why or why not? (-

 

Answer:

 

  • Suppose someone steals a DVD from a store. Regardless of how that person values the DVD, does the movie company lose revenue as a result of the theft?  Why or why not? (-

 

Answer:

 

 

  • Suppose someone illegally downloads a movie instead of purchasing it. And that this person places a high value on the movie, i.e., values it in dollars more than the selling price in dollars. Does the movie company lose revenue as a result of the theft?  Why or why not? (-

 

Answer:

 

  • Now suppose that someone illegally downloads a movie instead of purchasing it. And that this person places a low value on the movie, i.e., values it in dollars less than the selling price in dollars.  Does the movie company lose revenue as a result of the theft?  Why or why not? (-

 

Answer:

 

 

  • So how is illegally downloading media similar to retail theft and how is it not similar? (-

 

Answer:

 

 

 

 

 

  1. Question #5 Score = (- ) = + / 3.0

 

(Public goods) (3 points; as marked)

Three university students – Johanna, Evelyn, und Ingrid – share an apartment in Paris.  As it begins to turn colder, they’re considering turning up the thermostat in the apartment by 1, 2, 3, or 4 degrees.  They know that when they raise the heat by one degree, their heating bill rises by €16.   The Table below summarizes the marginal benefits received by each of the roommates from the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th additional degree of heat.

 

 JohannaEveylnIngrid
1st additional degree€10€8€6
2nd additional degree€ 8€6€4
3rd additional degree€ 6€4€2
4th additional degree€ 4€2€0

 

 

  • What is the marginal social benefit from making it 1, 2, 3, or 4 degrees warmer in the apartment? Answer below. (2 points; 5 per heading) (-

 

Enter answer below each degree heading.

 

1 degree                                  2 degrees                                                3 degrees                                4 degrees

 

 

 

  • So by how many degrees should they raise the heat in their apartment: one, two, three, or four degrees?  Why?  (Hint:  keep doing so as long as marginal social benefit  ≥ MC, which is €16.)  (1 point) (-

Answer:

 

 

(For DB 7 illustration, see next page.)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

#6            This question is in conjunction with DB 7.  So in order to receive credit for DB 7, you must also use the diagram below to illustrate the author’s argument.  If you’re not posting for DB 7, however, do not answer this question.)

 

Use the diagram below to show what the primary result of the study.  All you must do here is illustrate the first paragraph of your primary post, nothing more.  No explanation is necessary.

 

 

To fund some of its expansion plans, Ohio Rubber & Tire (ORT) recently issued 30-year bonds with low coupon rates. Investors were willing to purchase the bonds despite the low coupon rates because ORT’s debt has consistently been rated AAA during the past decade, which means that bond rating agencies consider the company’s default risk to be extremely low.

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Week 7 Discussion Forum

With no less than 300 words, post an initial reply to the question below by Thursday at 11:55 p.m. Central Time. Then please respond to at least two classmates’ post with a sentence or two about their post by Sunday at 11:55 p.m. CT. In most cases responding to the instructor posts will also count. Please note that you will not see your classmates’ messages until you create your initial post.

To fund some of its expansion plans, Ohio Rubber & Tire (ORT) recently issued 30-year bonds with low coupon rates. Investors were willing to purchase the bonds despite the low coupon rates because ORT’s debt has consistently been rated AAA during the past decade, which means that bond rating agencies consider the company’s default risk to be extremely low.

Now ORT is considering raising additional funds by issuing new debt. The company plans to use the new funds to finance additional expansion. Unlike its previous expansion efforts, however, ORT now plans to grow the firm by purchasing young firms that just “went public” that are not in the tire and rubber industry.

Wally, who works closely with ORT’s investment banker, has been assigned the task of determining how to best raise the desired funds. After speaking with the investment banker, some friends who work at other companies, and peers in ORT’s international subsidiaries, Wally is seriously considering recommending to management that ORT issue a new security that has the characteristics of both debt and equity. The security, which was recently introduced in the U.S. financial markets, is classified as debt because fixed interest payments that are tax deductible are paid every year. Unlike conventional bands, however, these hybrid bonds, which are called “boondocks,” have maturities of 50 to 60 years. In addition, the firm is not considered to be in default if it misses interest payments when the firm’s credit rating drops below B+. Most experts consider boondocks to be quite complex financial instruments.

Through his research, Wally discovered that boondocks have been used for quite some time outside of the Unite States. Compared with conventional debt, companies that have used boondocks have increased their earnings per share (EPS) significantly. A major reason EPS increases is because the cost of a boondock generally is much lower than equity, but the instrument is comparable to equity financing with respect to maturity and default risk. For example, Wally discovered that ORT could issue boondocks with an after-tax cost equal to 5%, which is only slightly higher than the after-tax cost of issuing conventional debt and is approximately one-third the cost of issuing new equity. Although boondocks are considered risky, the actual degree of risk is unknown. The friends and coworkers with whom Wally consulted seem to think there is a slight chance that investors—both stockholders and bondholders—would earn returns significantly lower than would be earned with conventional debt when the company performs extremely poorly. The opposite should occur when the company performs very well.

The major drawback to issuing boondocks is that they will significantly increase the financial leverage of ORT, and thus the value of the recently issued bonds will decrease substantially.  On the other hand, Wally thinks that issuing boondocks can be a win-win proposition for ORT and its common stockholders. If the company’s expansion plans are unsuccessful, the market values of both its debt and its equity would decrease to the point that it would be attractive for the firm to repurchase these financing instruments in the capital markets. If this is true, then issuing boondocks would benefit stockholders at the expense of bondholders. ORT’s executives are major stockholders because their bonuses and incentives are paid in the company’s stock.

What should Wally do? What would you do if you were Wally?

References:

Emily Thornton, “Gluttons at the Gate,” BusinessWeek, October 30, 2006, pp. 58-66.

David Henry, “Cross-Dressing Securities,” BusinessWeek, March 13, 2006, pp. 58-59.

For this assignment, you will write an essay about how you see yourself filling the role as a healthcare professional, whether now or in the future. First, identify the qualities you feel are critical to being a successful healthcare professional.

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Instructions

For this assignment, you will write an essay about how you see yourself filling the role as a healthcare professional, whether now or in the future. First, identify the qualities you feel are critical to being a successful healthcare professional. You should then identify the qualities related to professionalism that you bring to the role and how these qualities affect your ability for career growth. Finally, identify the areas in which you feel you need to experience growth.

Your essay should be a minimum of two pages in length, not including the title or reference pages.

You are required to use at least two outside sources, one of which may be the textbook. All sources used must be referenced; paraphrased and quoted material must have accompanying citations. All references and citations used must be in APA style.

PART 2. Needs to Be 1 paragraph

We are looking at professionalism and the setting of goals in healthcare administration in this unit. For this discussion, consider the following healthcare organizations, and address what you believe the goals of a healthcare administrator should be for each of the four types of healthcare organizations listed. Describe the similarities and/or differences that you see in each role: (1) free-standing public health clinic, (2) school of medicine health clinic, (3) religious hospital, and (4) community hospital.

 Develop a brief PowerPoint presentation (4-5 slides, not including the title) that will acquaint your classmates with the test/assessment of your choice. In the Notes section of presentation, include a narrative explaining each slide.

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Topic: Develop a brief PowerPoint presentation (4-5 slides, not including the title) that will acquaint your classmates with the test/assessment of your choice. In the Notes section of presentation, include a narrative explaining each slide.

Each slide must contain at least 3 bullet points. Focus on elements of the assessment that you would like to learn more about (e.g., purpose, norming population, reliability and validity characteristics, etc.). You may use the same test for the Test Critique assignment due in Module/Week 7. You may find tests by viewing the publisher web sites, Pearson Assessment or MHS Assessments. They provide all the information you need for the assignment (e.g., purpose of the test, population served, time to complete, cost, etc.).

Support the major points made in the presentation using appropriate sources. A minimum of 2 citations must be present. Where appropriate, include Christian worldview or biblical themes as well. Each reply must also be supported by at least 1 citation from class or outside materials.