Acting in a manner that would harm the child or not acting to prevent harm is thus considered as abuse. The four major types of child abuse include physical abuse, neglect, sexual abuse, and emotional abuse. Children are a very vulnerable group as they cannot defend themselves and more so because the same people who are supposed to take care and nurture and love them are same people causing the worst form of harm to them. So, what should the government do with abusive parents? Should it punish the parents who abuse their children? This is a very controversial debate since punishing the parents would seem the normal thing to do but we cannot forget that children need their parents in order to develop normally hence punishing them will be detrimental to their well being. This paper will try to argue whether the government should punish parents of abused children or not.

One critical debate given by Henry is truancy. Education is very important and all parents are required to ensure their children go to school by enrolling them and following them up (Henry, page). What happens when children start failing to attend lessons? Is the parent or the child to blame and should the parent be punished for it? According to Henry, it is the duty of the parent to ensure that children attend school and as such the responsibility lies squarely on them. Parents should understand that education is the key to unlocking future potential and as such denying the child education is destroying his/ her future thus this is child abuse in form of neglect. The government should thus take measures against parents to ensure their children attend school and more so all the lessons.

. First, there is the need to consider your own personal requirements as the therapist, examine whether you have any unfinished business or potentiality of individual conflicts that could interfere with the assistance you are supposed to offer the client. One still needs to consider their prejudice areas as well as their vulnerabilities. Also, there is a need to consider the potential impairment which could result to countertransference (American Counseling Association, 2008).

According to Fawcett and Neukrug (2006), Impairment, in this case, would include: Having professional isolation, self-esteem which is fragile, having problems in creating intimacy in your individual’s social life, the need for rescuing your customers, abuse of drugs and substance and having reassurance regarding our competence.

As far as therapy services are concerned, countertransference would include ethical issues such as dealing with your clients in such a superficial and benign approach, rejecting to listen to the clients, having overprotective behavior towards certain clients, calling for reinforcement as well as approval occasionally, having a romantic or sexual approach to you clients and providing a piece of compulsory advice and consultancy. It has included the development of social relationships with your clients and having delayed terminations (Fawcett and Neukrug, 2006).

American Counseling Association (2008) holds that, while providing therapy to the family members, ethical issues need to be considered in a certain procedure and steps. These include Identification of the client’s problems or challenges, consider if they are clinical, professional, or mainly ethical and moral. You also ought to check at the laws and regulations pertaining to the challenges brought forward by the client and look at the issues which are potential to both you and your customer. In this case, one needs to look back at the ethical codes regarding the profession. Your individual values and ethics need to be in line but not in conflict with the provided guidelines. There is a need to seek other professionals’ consultancy where necessary. The therapist also needs to check on the possible aftermath as a result of the course of action and as well follow up on these effects in order that they examine the outcomes.

A country case study provides an analysis of the country’s modern or contemporary developments. The 2008 financial crisis and its subsequent recession meant many things to almost every country especially the US, Greece, Ireland, Portugal, and Spain (Mceachern, 2012:26). However, the hardest-hit nation was Greece where the country had to resolve to borrow from international money lending institutions such as the IMF. Due to the financial crisis, conditions in the financial markets changed where banks relaxed in interbank lending or purchase of any government debt otherwise known as bonds. Due to this situation, financial analysts and policymakers speculated the presence of financial pressures within peripheral economies since such economies had accumulated huge deficits within their government spending. With increased deficits in Greece’s government spending, the country started experiencing increased debt levels. With this respect, it is agreeable that the recent financial crisis of 2008 and subsequent recession affected Greece by skyrocketing its government spending. This, in turn, increased Greece’s interest rates on government debt.

Due to increased government spending and increased interest in government bonds, the country of Greece faced subsequent shifts in her socioeconomic situation. For one, both Greece could not face a recession nor withstand the ongoing financial crisis (Kolb, 2011:81). As such, she needed a “massive bailout” which would only be in the form of lending, particularly from the EU. Since 2007, economic crises were severely devastating especially to countries with divergent political standings. Additionally, there were imminent cases where Greece and other peripheral economies faced the deepest and slowest economic recovery. With reference to key indicators of a Greece’s growth indicators, the 2008 financial crisis and its subsequent recession exerted a heavy toll on her economic development, political sensation, and socioeconomic spectrum.

The current investigation seeks to display that Rousseau’s philosophy was based on a reverence for the state of nature. This led to the formation of a social contract out of this nature, so that the social contract became valorized in Rousseau’s work. The social contract states that nature is something that humanity overcomes for the benefit of its fellow humanity. The report then demonstrates how Locke had a similar idea of the social contract rising from a state of nature. Both thinkers shared similar valorization of nature, but there were definitely differences in terms of the extent to which this nature was valorized.

The social contract. This concept is important for an understanding of Rousseau’s political philosophy. “In Rousseau’s explanation of freedom, there is a division between two types of freedom. They are personal freedom and social freedom. Personal freedom comes from a human’s basic instincts and natural selfishness. An individual acts only if the benefits. Rousseau also called this freedom a state of nature” (Amezquita, 2010).

Rousseau was similar in his embrace of the social contract to Locke. Locke saw the natural state of human beings being a free state. He believed that society was social and cooperative, whereas other thinkers, like Hobbes, believed that society was an individualist and competitive. Locke saw war as being introduced into this basically peaceful nature and then continuing and adding to itself until it moved people to create civilization and social contracts, rather than seeing it as a natural state. In this state of civilization, people were more willing to give up personal authority but remained independent and free by nature. This theory has also had a lasting impact on society, even though it was more negative than Rousseau in terms of philosophy because it stresses individual freedoms’ importance.

Epicurus’ notion of preconception appears to be understandable as the memory of previously conceived objects or thoughts. “By preconception they mean a sort of apprehension or correct belief or concept or universal thought stored up, that is, a memory of what has often appeared externally to us,” (Diogenes Laertius in Annas, 201). It is “pre-conceived” in the sense that in order to make meaningful any given knowledge claim, there must first be a conception or conjuring of concepts or ideas prior to the actual understanding. In other words, in order to make sense of a statement such as, “There is a man by the window,” there should be a preconception of “man” and “window”. This means that those concepts must be understood or grasped first before the statement can be rendered meaningful. The idea of preconception is therefore important because everything else that can be understood can only be done so or made possible through a prior grasp of such basal concepts. “Preconceptions, therefore, are clear. The object of belief depends on something prior which is clear to which we refer when we speak,” (201). This is interesting because it would then seem that Epicurus’ ideas anticipate the positivist pattern for knowledge acquisition and generation of perception of ideas → concept formation → knowledge.

Perception is the immediate grasp of that which presents itself to the senses without the aid or mediation of any external instrument or means. For Epicurus, perceptions are true for the primary reason that perceptions always focus on the “now-ness”, or the present grasp. “It is the special function of perception to grasp only what is present,” (202). It can be said, therefore, that there is a perception of something when there is an immediate and pure reception of sense-data.&nbsp.