As the research stresses the company enjoys more flexibility in terms of making decisions at the local levels. Decentralization for the company has also played a role in allowing the top management ample time to focus on long term planning. However, while the firm has decentralized most of its operations, there are certain divisions that are still centralized due to their importance. These divisions include, for instance, the human resource, finance, innovation and strategy division. On the other hand, the market for non-alcoholic beverages continues to grow, and Coca-Cola can use its economies of scale to expand its market base.

From the report it is clear the company needs to exploit include, for instance, India and China where there is a high demand for soft drinks due to hot climate conditions. In addition, there is also a growing market for still drinks as more customers are focusing health and wellness. Conversely, in order to remain competitive, the company needs to embrace innovation. Through innovation, the company will be in a position to develop a business strategy that is unique to the competition. The Coca-Cola is a multinational company that specializes in the manufacture of soft drinks. A pharmacist known as Stith Pemberton invented the firm’s main product, Coca-Cola in 1886. However, both the formula and Coca-Cola brand was later sold to Asa Candler in 1889, leading to the establishment of The Coca-Cola Company.

ally, I believe that it has some roots in our subconscious because with the help of it we express those ideas which we are unable to share or act upon otherwise. as those ideas cannot be supported by rationality. So, basically our instinct gets its guideline from our submissive feelings.

The question demands here, should we discard explanations that are intuitively appealing? Before giving concluding remarks we have to view the subject in the light of other knowledge-related issues like science. First take this example of my own:&nbsp.I used to eat an excessive amount of chocolates on a daily basis, I am just obsessed with it. apart from the fact that it contains considerable amount of fat. But because I wanted to be able to justify my habit of eating chocolates in such large quantities, I did some research on the benefits which chocolate offers and found that it contains certain amount of chemicals like tryptophan, phenyl ethylamine and theobromine, that are good for the human brain and that, its consumption give some extra benefits to the human body, mind and spirit (Duke and Yeager 26). These facts illustrate that it has some good nutrition elements in it that are find effective for the mind due to its ability of reducing tension. Thus, it formed the basis of an intuitively appealing explanation that would help me justify my obsession. Although these facts may have been proven, but those small percentages did not actually prove that it constitute a healthy eating habit. Without a doubt, the fact that it was made of more than half fat and sugar proved the exact opposite. So was I still able to accept my intuitively appealing explanation?

The main idea of this example was to show that intuitively appealing explanations that are false, with obvious evidence against it, should be discarded. So, we get a new idea here: we are talking about those explanations that are not definitely wrong and which are appealing to our intuition.

Americans have had many successes in this regard, having been responsible, in most cases, in being able to effect the deposing of regimes and rulers through various means, among then covert acts to achieve their ends, and making use of a wide array of figures in public American life, including business people, spies, government people, politicians, and military leaders. Tracing the history of American action, Kinzer notes that American action goes back to the deposing of the Hawaiian monarchy, and the actions that led to the effective annexation of the Philippines, Puerto Rico and Cuba during the so-called Spanish-American War. These initial successes led to the emboldening of the American effort and the extension of is interventions southwards of the American continent, making use of its intervention powers to depose the leaders of Honduras and Nicaragua via successful coup detats. When the Cold War with the Soviet Union kicked into high gear, on the other hand, American interventions in country affairs took on the flavor of an ideological and power struggle to one-up the Communist enemy in a global power struggle, with the United States identified as instigating the collapse of Chilean, Iranian and Guatemalan democratic institutions on the one hand, and the downfall of the president of South Vietnam in a successful assassination effort. Post Cold War, the US has been identified as having played a big hand in overthrowing existing regimes in Iraq, Grenada, Afghanistan, and Panama via invasion exercises (Kinzer 2006).

. the growth items selected for the balanced scorecard is expected to be made up of both financial and non-financial data items that incorporate growth for the organization (quote). By implication, the balanced scorecard can be noted to be a strategic tool that is aimed at organizational growth that is expected to be triggered by attitude and carefully planned implementation strategies by the company or division of company using it.

Based on the generalized characteristics that have been identified, there are a number of strengths that can be seen of the balanced scorecard being used at the M&R division of Global Oil Corporation. Reading from the case, it would be noted that all that has been referred to as the first generation balanced scorecard have been included for the M&R division. According to quote (year), these include financial, customer, internal business process, and learning and growth. By integrating such a varied array of aspects of business management into the balance scorecard, the company can expect that its growth and development efforts will be as widespread and open ended as possible.

Advantages of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Research Stem cells are undifferentiated or naïve cells that are capable of developing into other types of cells. These are broadly categorized into embryonic, adult, and induced pluripotent stem cells. Embryonic stem cells are “pluripotent”, having the capacity to develop into any of the specialized cells in the body (e.g. heart, muscle, and retina), thereby providing unlimited potential for cell and regenerative therapies (Pera, Reubinoff and Trounson). Adult stem cells come from adult tissues. These are called multipotent. they can differentiate only to limited types, usually to the same tissues from whence they came from. A very important breakthrough came two years ago with the discovery that adult multipotent adult stem cells can be induced, by the addition of transcription factors, to convert into pluripotent cells (Takahashi, Tanabe and Ohnuki). These cells came to be known as induced pluripotent stem cells or iPS cells.

Research of iPS cell technology must be promoted because of the many advantages of using iPS cells compared to the other stem cell types. The first major advantage is the use of somatic tissues instead of embryos as sources. Various types of somatic tissues can be used as sources of iPS cells for the repair of damaged tissues (Yu, Vodyanik and Smuga-Otto). Patient-derived somatic cells can produce patient-specific iPS cells that contain the patient’s genetic information. When these iPS cells are used in transplantation to replace diseased cells, the risk for rejection is reduced. Immune rejection is a problem in the use of embryonic stem cells (de Wert and Mummery). Another potential application is to use the iPS cells for constructing specific disease models and screening for effective drugs (Yamanaka). The potential therefore is high for healing degenerative and chronic diseases like cystic fibrosis, chronic heart problems, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease and many more (Yamanaka).

The advantage of using somatic cells as sources for iPS cells leads to another advantage, which is the removal of the major ethical and moral issues surrounding the use of embryonic stem cells. Ethical and moral issues have hounded stem cell research since its potential applications were discovered, most concerning the use of 4-5 day old embryos as sources of embryonic stem cells. Since the embryos die upon the isolation of stem cells, the main ethical questions centered on life and its beginnings. Other issues were on obtaining stem cells from pre-implantation embryos, and if this is the case, are spare embryos to be used or should embryos for stem cells be created through cloning (de Wert and Mummery).

The discovery of iPS was well-received and met with the expectation that the newer technology will remove the ethical questions that surround embryonic stem cells. This is quite true considering that sources are somatic cells from adult sources. However, based on the proceedings of an international workshop conducted in Spain last summer, it appears that there are new dimensions to the social, legal and ethical aspects of the technology (University of Alberta). The new issues were specifically about intellectual property rights, clinical translation, consent, and privacy of donors and recipients. But these issues do not equal in magnitude the ethical concerns that were raised with the use of embryonic stem cells, and therefore can be through policy development (University of Alberta).

Currently, research on sources, applications, and optimizations of iPS cells is advancing at a very rapid phase. Many obstacles need to be hurdled (reviewed in Yamanaka, 2009) before the clinical benefits can be met. A limitation shared with embryonic stem cells is the formation of teratomas or tumors when undifferentiated cells are introduced into the required cell types. This can be overcome developing protocols that induce complete differentiation into the desired type. Other limitations are the uncertainty in determining the complete reprogramming of somatic cells to the pluripotent state, and the possibility of activating introduced transgenes in the genome of iPS cells, because factors inducing iPS cells formation are introduced attached to viruses. These viruses when integrated into the patient’s genome can be activated and cause unforeseen harm.

IPS cell technology holds great biomedical potential and countless benefits for patients with no options but cell-based therapies. There is no doubt that the present limitations can be overcome because of the fast-paced research techniques and advanced tools available to the researcher.

References

de Wert, G and C. Mummery. “Human Embryonic Stem Cells: Research, Ethics And Policy.” Human Reproduction 18.4 (2003): 672-682, DOI: 10.1093/humrep/DEG143.

Pera, M, B Reubinoff and A. Trounson. “Human Embryonic Stem Cells.” Journal of Cell Science 113 (2000): 5-10.

Takahashi, K, et al. “Induction Of Pluripotent Stem Cells From Adult Human Fibroblasts By Defined Factors.” Cell (2007): doi:10.1016/j.cell.2007.11.019.

University of Alberta. “IPS Cells Raise New Ethical Questions In Stem Cell Debate.” 10 December 2009. Science Codex. 13 December 2009 .

Yamanaka, S. “A fresh look at iPS cells.” Cell 137 (2009): 13-17.

Yu, J, et al. “Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Lines Derived from Human Somatic Cells.” Sciencexpress (2007): 1-8 www.sciencexpress.org / 20 November 2007 / Page 1 / 10.1126/science.1151526.