A certain percentage of the population of parents has shown satisfaction and others have shown regret to the usage of social networking websites by their children (Response to Fcc Notice of Inquiry 1). According to Hinduja, out of the total population of teenagers, 75% of them use mobile phones, 25% are using it for the purpose of connecting to social networking websites (Hinduja 89). These surveys clearly show that a huge population of the world is developing socially and emotionally through social networking websites. A huge number of people are using social media but all of them are not benefiting from its usage. Lenhart states that behaviors that are conducted in offline arenas are even being practiced through social networking websites, these behaviors include online bullying, invasion of privacy, sexting, addiction to the internet, and lack of proper sleep (Lenhart 1).

Social networking websites allow individuals to remain connected with their friends and family members at all times, get into new relationships including intimate and friendly relationships, exchange of opinions, and profiles. These websites aid children in connecting with their community as these websites allow children to raise money for charitable purposes, helps them promote their talents such as artistic talents, exchange ideas through online blogs and games, helps them learn key components of life such as tolerance and respect as they connect with a diverse number of people and enhancement and development of the communicational and interpersonal skills of the children (Boyd119).

Social networking websites have assisted students in learning and acquiring knowledge, students use social networking outlets to communicate with their colleagues for the accomplishment of homework assignments and team-based assignments assigned to them at their educational institutes (Kitsis 33). For example, students meet each at over Facebook and discuss and solve problems that have been assigned to them as homework or coursework. Educational instates and instructors are even using social networking websites to their full potential as they use these websites and blogs to distribute notes.

The subject matter of metaphysics is considered as “being as such’ referring to that which cannot be changed. It also includes the first two causes of things that will never change.

This is the thesis of metaphysics and is considered the defensible statement of the subject matter of the so-called physics. Metaphysics seeks to explain the relationship between the body and the mind and the freedom of will as well the personality identity over time. In the explanation of the relationship between the body, mind and freedom of will, it denies that there are first causes that cause the relationship to change. However, the body, mind and freedom of free will are beyond that which is bound in the study of physics. Such kind of denial is certainly a metaphysical thesis in the current sense that the relationship is bound to change. In reality, everything changes and nothing that does not change. However, other philosophers explain that, a special group of things that ought not to change i.e. how the body and the mind functions will never change. Examples of subjects and statements that are considered metaphysical include “Essence precedes existence, existence, in reality, is larger and greater than in the understanding alone” and “being is logic, not a real predicate. ‘ such kinds of subjects are beyond the physical world and are bound not to be victims of change.2

The concept metaphysics is coined from the Greek word meaning beyond i.e. study of that which is unknown beyond physics. The prefix “meta” means beyond indicating that the scope will come after the chapters of physics. The subject is also referred to as the chronological order among the philosophical studies. For example, what is studied after mastery of the science concepts that ought to deal with the physical world and cannot be changed? As a discipline, metaphysics is a central part of academic inquiry of facts that are beyond the physical world as well as scholarly education even before the existence of Aristotle. It is a unique science and the physical elements are considered less important than other main formal subjects of mathematics, physical science music and poetics.

Hermeneutics refers to the approach of interpretation of the text, which includes biblical excerpts, the literature of wisdom, and other complicated text among others. Exegesis which is a synonym to the word Hermeneutics has extensive use in the domain of both verbal and non-verbal communication. In order to get an appropriate understanding of any particular text or excerpts, the presence of hermeneutics is inevitable. Hermeneutics saw its existence since the ancient Greek era. This aspect emerged as a part of the human theory initiated by Wilhelm Dilthey and Friedrich Schleiermacher. On the other hand, the critical theory includes an approach or a particular set of thoughts that is used to assess the society with the assistance of the knowledge gained from humanities as well as social sciences. In the ancient days, methods of inquiry primarily comprise a dialectic method where the argument was used to interpret a particular study or text. As per history is concerned the Critical Theory elaborates on the neo-Marxist philosophy established in Germany.

This philosophy was initiated by the philosopher Max Horkheimer the then director of Frankfurt School. Some of the famous philosophers that were involved with the use of such inquiry methods include Confucius, Aristotle, and St. Thomas Aquinas among others (Patricia, 2010). The two selected theory i.e. Hermeneutics and Critical theory are mainly compared with the intention to develop a better understanding of the two along with identifying the effectiveness of each of the theories in the present-day context (Roberge, 2011). The key issue of debate among the two philosophies Hermeneutics and Critical theory is due to the differences in the opinion of Hans-Georg Gadamer and Jurgen Habermas, and between Richard Rorty and Thomas McCarthy respectively.

Discussion

Key Aspects of Both the Inquiry Methods

It has been comprehended that both Hermeneutics and Critical theory have extensive prevalence in the present-day philosophical domain. Each of the concepts has its own set of key features, which is vital to discuss. Some of the specific characteristics of Hermeneutics inquiry include seeking a better understanding, situating the location of interpretation, understanding the role of language and history in text interpretation, inquiry in the form of conversation, and embracing ambiguity during inquiry among others.

Political scientists who keenly study presidential decision-making techniques have ended up considering numerous factors as central to understanding White House organization and the process. the extent of multiple advocacies, the extent of centralization, and the application of honest brokers in managing advice to the president. This article has poured much light in examining President Obama’s decision-making technique with respect to the above-mentioned factors and has presented several scenarios in illustrating them. detainee policy, economic policy, and decision making in the Afghanistan war.

On most occasions, presidents have dealt with the problems of obtaining useful information and advice in a number of ways. To be certain that they get advice from a wide perspective instead of the necessarily limited perspective of their cabinet secretaries who happen to be advocates for only their departments, presidents have widened their White House staff members and used them as their ground advisors. For the purpose of ensuring that they do not make hasty decisions and ignore vital considerations, other presidents have insisted on an orderly deliberation process that entails opposing points of view and various policy choices before concluding on crucial decisions. Some have gone ahead to appoint “honest brokers” to their part of the staff to certify that no imperative perspective from their Cabinet secretaries or staffers will go unattended. Mr. Barrack Obama continued to centralize policy advice in the White House and maintained multiple advocacies in the deliberation of policies. However, the President did not appoint honest brokers but opted to control policymaking details on his own.

The Cuban Missile Crisis reveals how President J.F Kennedy resisted the pressure from almost all his advisors, including his blood brother Robert, to wipe out a Soviet ruled surface air missile site after it happens to shoot down an American reconnaissance plane. It seems that J.F Kennedy is the only person in the room who fully contemplates the corollaries of a U.S military attack on Cuba (Stuckey 554)

Unlike traditional bullying, cyberbullying offers anonymity to bullies contributing both to impunity of offenders. Alongside with anonymity, it is the significant distance between bullies and the bullied that lead to crueler actions and more serious consequences.

The rise of cyberbullying is caused by technology, especially by the Internet, introduction of which was soon followed by chat rooms. The latter were supplemented by AOL Instant Messenger, a program that allowed users to communicate with each other privately or in public chat rooms for hours. With its development, AOL Instant Messenger allowed creation of group-specific chat rooms. Telecommunication advances also contributed to proliferation of cyberbullying and cell phones in particular. The first generation of these telecommunication devices did not cause the rise of cyberbullyin. the second generation, however, did. The cell phones of the second generation appeared in the 1990s, and then spread widely. In 2010, about seventy-five percent of teenagers in the United States had cell phones, and one third of them sent three thousand messages per month. Today, about seventy-eight percent of teeangers are owners of cell phones (Donegan, 2012).

Further development and spread of the Internet as well as the introduction of social networking websites also have fostered cyberbullying. All the social networks allow to create profiles, which include personal information, photos etc., and communicate with other people. Such publication of personal information and distanced communication is dangerous for children because it puts them in the position of either a victim of cyberbullying or an active offender (Donegan, 2012).

The relatively short history of cyberbullying is notable for a significant number of suicides committed by victims. One of the most well-known cases is the case of a girl named Maggie Meier.