The arising self-deception of these factors provides a psychological defense mechanism for these individuals in the group. Existential Counseling maintains that disturbance is inevitable for all individuals. Thus, individuals have to come up with ways of facing the disturbance facing them with openness and their willingness to engage with their life instead of retreating or even withdrawing to avoid the individual’s responsibilities.

&nbsp.&nbsp.&nbsp.&nbsp.&nbsp.&nbsp.&nbsp.&nbsp.&nbsp.&nbsp.&nbsp. The counselor is very important in all this. He or she should facilitate the client’s encounter with themselves and work alongside these clients to better understand the values, ideas, and assumptions of the clients (Emmy van Deurzen, 2010). He or she is concerned with seriously engaging with what matters most to the clients to avoid coming up with their judgments and assisting the client in elaborating on their perspective to live well. Considering that this group therapy is concerned with older adults, the counselor should focus on aging death and grief. Most of these older adults are grief-stricken from various old-age ailments.

&nbsp.&nbsp.&nbsp.&nbsp.&nbsp.&nbsp.&nbsp.&nbsp.&nbsp.&nbsp.&nbsp. Most of them are tired of living already, and all they wish for is God to take them out of this world and end their suffering. Some are confined to elderly homes, while others are taken care of by their loved ones. However, they view themselves as a burden to their loved ones since some cannot accomplish anything on their own. Their loved ones have to take care of them in every way, including feeding them. It is the role of this counselor to engage their clients in this group counseling with what matters most (Yalom, 2008). The counselor should ensure that they understand what matters most to their clients and clear any arising misconceptions about life to ensure that they do not jump to a conclusion about their clients. They should ensure that their clients can go past their weaknesses and maximize their strengths and their opportunities in life to ensure that they make the most out of their remaining life period.

&nbsp.&nbsp.&nbsp.&nbsp.&nbsp.&nbsp.&nbsp.&nbsp.&nbsp.&nbsp.&nbsp. Many emphases are made on the responsibility of this counselor to be self-aware of their prejudices and biases and put them aside as much as possible. This is considering that the counselor is faced with a great challenge of enhancing everyone’s well-being in the group. Considering that different group members in this existential group counseling have their own misconceptions about death, grief and aging, the counselor has to develop what works for every elder adult in the group. Thus, existential group therapy should have three main goals. The first one is enabling members to cultivate a high level of honesty to themselves.

&nbsp.In the due course, the observers looked to see what the bystanders would do, and later they had to record the response in the notebook. The victims (actors) were between the ages of 20 to 40. The findings indicated that female and male A’s were more likely to receive help from cross-sex helpers than from same-sex helpers. Females were found to be twice as likely to receive help and slightly more likely to give help than males.

According to literature, in western societies, it has been indicated that gender is an important factor in helping behavior, despite the results have been contradictory. I have been found that men are more likely to help as compared to women(Feinman, 1978).On the other hand, women have been found to be more likely to help than men(Bihm, Gaudet,& Sale,1979). There are as well other studies that have indicated that there is no difference between the two(Benson, Karabenick,& Lerner,1976). The person gender that is being helped is a critical factor in helping behavior due to women and men could be more willing to help an opposite-sex individual. More so, the person attractiveness who is being helped can influence the willingness to help, particularly for male helpers. On the other hand, both women and men could ask for less help from a helper who is attractive to the cross-gender. A meta-analysis that was based on 99 studies on the gender influence on helping behavior has indicated that men helped more often as compared to women as well as they were more likely to help women more than men.

The effect of the bystander is an example, where an individual could think about the consequences before acting. This is particularly in a densely populated place where people could opt to help (Vaughan & Hogg,1973)., In situations that are not emergence, males are seen to be less likely in helping as opposed to high-cost situations (Lantane & Darley, 1970). The reward cost or is the loss or gain of something due to either not helping or helping.&nbsp.

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It is more shocking by what is to the observers and followers of Mandela’s leadership. Features assigned to Mandela are more aptly described as projections and side effects. Those characteristics are projections other than unitive perspective and not characteristics of Mandela (Habermas, 1995). What separates nelsons Mandela‘s leadership from most other leaders in the world is not only based on the presence of lauded features such as forgiveness and humility? It is a lack of distinction that makes the appearance of such characteristics at the first perspective.

In the absence of concomitant relationship and necessary distinction to understand as an illusion the approach that Mandela took to involve all people in the country in the development of new South Africa. The key to understanding his leadership role in the transition period of the country from the apartheid regime is through the irony of believing from the unitive perspective. While Cook- Greuter’s ego development model was utilized in assessing the leader’s development, his approach will not be included in the paper (Asmal, Chidester and James, 2003). However, the idea of unitive development will be extending, having in mind that Cook- Greuter herself accepted that it was not quite evident that unitive development mechanism could be explained or measured. Only a better understanding of the unitive level of development is required to evaluate the life of Nelson Mandela.

Experiences have however indicated that attempts to discuss unitive development as will be in the paper leads to experiences in ironies, paradoxes, and contradictions. Various studies have also suggested that if contradictions, irony, and paradoxes are not experienced then the individual may not be focusing on unitive development but instead projecting understanding on unitive development (Bateson, 2002).&nbsp.

The censoring process began in the 1950s when the perceptions of the traditionalists and conservatives in the music industry started coming out into the open (Nuzum, 2001). Rock and roll music only exacerbated the issue, increasing immorality among American youths and bringing additional clashes with the beliefs of traditionalists within their community (Johnson & Cloonan, 2009). In response, the ethical bodies within the country were charged with the task of regulating the open discussion of drug abuse, violence, and sex by several musicians. Since then, music censorship advanced in pace and prevalence until our day, when regulation has become lax and we are returning to immorality. In order to strengthen community morals and the cost-effectiveness of the music industry, it is imperative that musicians support stringent censorship laws.

By the end of the 1950s, the younger generation had already begun to express new, more liberal opinions on the issues of sex, drugs, and violence. These immoral views were what initially created the need for censorship in music. Although sex and drugs had existed before, they had been discussed in secret, but at this time musicians began to speak openly about them, so censorship of music became vital. The same is true today, as these topics are still common in the music of all sorts. For example, with the onset of rhythm and blues music that is greatly associated with black musicians, the issues of sex and drug use became more openly spoken about (Johnson & Cloonan, 2009). The majority of the white population at the time perceived this music as responsible for the drug use and violence found among black youths. In regards to these accusations and trends, many songs by various black artists have been banned and termed as controversial, and they should therefore discard these lyrics (Nuzum, 2001). Similarly to this, in the 1960s when musicians advocated drug usage, “politicians and civic leaders started coming out of the woodwork to save the country’s youth from the evils of drugs” (Nuzum, 2001).