If a company that has already undergone an IPO needs to raise substantial capital again and it chooses to issue new equity in order to finance it, this is called a seasoned equity offering (Butler, Grullon & Wetson 2005). Seasoned equity offerings come in different variations as regards the terms of the offer such as offering the stocks at investors-at-large or through a rights offerings. Under the rights offering, the company can issue the rights to purchasing the new shares to recipient investors on a proportionate basis (Weller 1962). These rights can either be sold or utilized depending on the recipient’s investors (Weller 1962).

In 2008, Tesco Plc has a seasoned equity offering that amounted to 130 million pounds. this is consist of 3 million pounds in issue capital, and 127 million pounds in share premium (Tesco Plc 2009). According to Tesco Plc, part of this seasoned equity offering is to issue shares as stock options are exercised. The rest of it is used for additional financing to the company. On the other hand, Marks & Spencer has issued 0.5 million pounds in equity (Marks & Spencer 2009). In contrast to Tesco Plc, this issue of shares by Marks & Spencer is due to the exercise of options. However, seasoned equity offerings are used by the two companies in raising funds to finance their operations. One major advantage of this source of long-term funding is the huge amount of capital that large companies such as Tesco and Marks & Spencer have access to in the form of the stock market. As regards the size of the capital raised, seasoned offerings in the stock market really provide huge advantages to these companies.

Seasoned equity offerings also have some shortcomings. For one, after SEO, it is very usual that the stock price of the company gets lower because of the increase in price. There is a period of time before the price of the stocks will incorporate the information about the company, and this information will be reflected in the stock price (Lang 2008).

Fiscal policy entails the processes through which the government achieves major economic goals through taxes and government spending. The government collects tax and spends it to achieve economic development. Taxation is one of the key avenues though which governments collect revenues from local and foreign residents. Three main aspects that make up fiscal policy include consumption, investment and government spending. In this sense, the government relies on the three aspects of demand to achieve desired economic goals. The desired economic goals include full employment, price stability, economic growth, and maintenance of a favorable balance of payment, The three aspects add up to determine the equilibrium level of the gross domestic product.

On the other hand, monetary policies refer to the manipulations of interest rates and money supply to achieve various economic ends. The economic ends are similar in the sense that they entail full employment, economic growth, price stability, and a favorable balance of payment. This suggests that the fiscal policies and the monetary policies possess the same goals. In the regulation of the money in circulation, central bank adjusts the interest rate that entails the price of borrowing money.

In the history of economics, different schools of thought vouch for different policies. The fiscalists rely on the Keynesian school of thought in stabilizing the economy. This school of thought believes that fiscal policies are the only effective measure of instigating economic growth during a period of recession in a country. In turn, monetary policies are ineffective in stirring economic growth during a recession in a country.

. To review the concept of racism is to appreciate the social difference. People in any society are all different. People have different ideas and enjoy different things. This is where prejudice can appear. Some people are prejudiced against others who have different skin tone or belong to a different ethnic group or race in favor of their own. This is racism, which is the belief that characteristics and abilities can be attributed to people simply on the basis of their race and that some racial groups are superior to others. Racism and discrimination have been used as powerful weapons, encouraging fear or hatred of others in times of conflict and war, and even during an economic downturn (Shah). UNESCO’s 1978 “Declaration on Race” define racism as any theory claiming the intrinsic superiority or inferiority of racial or ethnic groups which would give to some the right to dominate or even eliminate others, presumed inferior, or basing value judgments on racial differences (De Benoist 13). Racism affects different aspects of society with varied implications.

Racism can affect educational opportunities and experiences. A school is a very good example of a complex community where different types of people meet and interact every day. The diversity in such common grounds often leads to prejudice especially in a multicultural community where the clash of ideas happens all the time. A very common example of racism in school is the act of underestimating or bullying the minority group of students such as Asians or African-Americans most often by White American students (Senker 4-5).&nbsp.

On the other hand, the integration of information systems with the information systems causes a need for expertise in order to deal with challenges faced during business operations.

The conceptualization of the business information systems establishes three divisions, which include Transactional Processing Systems (TPS), Management Information Systems (MIS), and Expert systems. MIS is divided into other subdivisions, which include Decision Support System (DSS) that refers to a business application that analyzes and presents data in order to assist in the business decision-making process. Therefore, through DSS the business utilizes the integration of business with information systems. In this case, the business uses information systems to make informed decisions rationally in a timely manner.

Businesses employ different categories of Information System to present data that are gathered from transactions, and for making decisions on certain areas of the business. For example, the business uses the information systems to record the sales transaction on the account, which is used to determine the customers that are creditworthy. Therefore, the Information system is applicable to numerous levels of business organization. On the other hand, DSS is used by the management in making strategic decisions in departments that deal with sales and marketing, supply, and procurement. In addition, business applies IS in making tactical decisions, especially by the supervisors who are involved in daily operational decisions.

In this case, the most significant reason for integrating the business with an information system is to provide relevant information to be applied in decision-making, which is needed for achieving a competitive advantage. Information System is applied as a tool in order to institutionalize decision, and this facilitates intelligent decision-making.&nbsp.Therefore, Information systems in the business create a platform of good decision-making since there would be many difficulties in gathering information relevant for making necessary decisions.

While we may wish to blame the media for all the racial ills of society, though, it remains true that the media, including Hollywood, reflects as much as it relays. It is also up to us, as the audience, to determine how we will interpret the messages sent and to investigate our own responses, both within the media setting and within daily life, to understand how we may also act in conscious or unconscious ways to reinforce damaging minority stereotypes. For adults, this process of learning about ourselves and our own attitudes generally takes the form of transformative learning. An understanding of this term applied to the 2004 Paul Haggis film Crash and personal experience reveals that film as a genre can provide an excellent point of view from which transformative learning can take place.

Transformative learning in its most basic sense is the way in which adults more consciously learn to adapt and shape their behavior in given situations. Officially, it is described as “the process of effecting change in a frame of reference” (Mezirow, 1997: 5). As Mezirow explains, adults tend to behave according to a set series of the assumption that defines the world as they know it. These can consist of “associations, concepts, values, feelings, conditioned responses” (Mezirow, 1997: 5), anything that provides the adult with a frame of reference for dealing with the particular situation at hand, whether it be a simple transaction at the grocery store or an unusual encounter with an individual of a different race not typically interact with. While the transformative learner will use this opportunity to expand their knowledge and move toward a more self-reflective and inclusive frame of reference, the more common tendency is for the individual to fall back on preconceived and often not well-considered concepts housed deep in their psyche. As Mezirow describes it, the frame of reference is actually comprised of two different elements.