PsycINFO: PsycINFO , from the American Psychological Association (APA), contains nearly 2.4 million citations and summaries of scholarly journal articles, book chapters, books, and dissertations, all in psychology and related disciplines, dating as far back as the 1800s. 98 percent of the covered material is peer-reviewed. Journal coverage, which spans 1887 to present, includes international material selected from more than 2,200 periodicals in more than 27 languages.

PsycARTICLES : PsycARTICLES, from the American Psychological Association (APA), is a definitive source of full-text, peer-reviewed scholarly and scientific articles in psychology. The database contains more than 100,000 articles from 59 journals – 48 published by the American Psychological Association (APA) and 11 from allied organizations. It includes all journal articles, letters to the editor and errata from each journal. Coverage spans 1894 to present.

The researcher searched for full text materials on Brief Therapy and 536 matches came out. The first three matches that came out spoke of Solution-Focused Brief Therapy (SFBT). On reading the first article, the researcher got interested in this area of Brief therapy and decided to limit research to SFBT. Using the keywords Solution-Focused Brief Therapy, 92 matches came out. The researcher selected articles on the general application of SFBT to younger clients of therapy, and that meant children and youth.

Upon reading the above-mentioned articles, the researcher got to understand the philosophy and concepts behind Solution-Focused Brief Therapy, and its promising contributions to the field of Brief Therapy. The authors claim that literature on SFBT is growing, as more and more counselors are vouching for its effectiveness as a short-term therapy program.

Evaluations and Assessments based on Washington (WA) Social Studies Standards for Elementary Level Grades 2 Social Studies education in Washington State is designed to develop responsible citizens living in a culturally diverse and democratic society.

Evaluation and Assessments

Two types of assessments have been defined viz. Classroom based Assessments (CBAs) and Classroom based Performance Assessments (CBPAs). The first are referred to as assessments for short and the second as evaluation (because it seeks to evaluate student performance).

Classroom based assessments are assessments that are given to students in the classroom by the class teacher. They are multi-stepped tasks or projects aligned to specific state learning standards. They were designed by the Office of Superintendent of Public Instruction. The state curriculum specialists design tasks and questions that model how assessments should be conducted and then provide these to local school districts.

The purpose of these assessments is to ensure that students are acquiring the essential skills, concepts and subject knowledge in social studies. that they have the opportunity to engage in a broad range of social topics that include civics, economics, geography, history, and general social studies skills. The plan is to eventually these across the state by 2008-09 in order to measure student learning in social studies. 9 CBAs are targeted for elementary school. They are believed to be better able to assess the subject as compared to standardized multiple choice and short answer questions for instance as well as have other advantages.

The main component of the CBA is the rubric page. This details how a student can reach proficiency for the particular assessment. Besides this, the CBA mentions support materials, provides a student checklist, suggested resources etc.

Formal and Informal Assessments

Both formal and informal assessments are similar in that they seek to provide a measure of student performance, usually as a summative assessment of learning. However, formal assessments are conducted under stricter exam conditions because their scores are noted on the student records. On the other hand, informal assessments are typically used to provide students with practice for the real formal assessments and may not be conducted under such strict conditions. The CBA issued by the Office of Superintendent of Public Instruction are formal assessments. Any other student assessments conducted entirely by the teacher would be considered as informal.

Application

The Content and Regional Focus for GLEs for grade 1 is based as Families and the concepts of near and far, now and then. for grade 2 is based on Community and the same concepts. A simple example of a pre-assessment question is given below.

1. Here are some relationships. Which one is the nearest to you?

a) grandmother

b) mother

c) teacher

d) cousin

Another question could test the student’s knowledge and understanding of a simple family tree structure. For instance, a sample family tree could be drawn and the student asked to identify certain relationships by looking at the tree.

Learning is a continuous process that leads to development. It is a process of understanding through which the modification in the attitude and the behavior takes place. Through learning and development strategies, the competencies and the behaviours of the individual as well as the team can be enhanced and the goals of the organization can be achieved. For the learning and development strategy to be successful, it is important for the organization to foster an environment that provides the trainee with ample scope to learn and develop his skills, knowledge that is necessary to perform the job effectively. Adaption to the changes is very important for the employees in the organization. If they can adapt to the unanticipated changes then the learning and development are said to be successful.

The term human resource development can be said as coordinated use of the training and the development, career development as well as the organizational development for the improvement of the individual and the group and to increase the effectiveness of the organization. The learning and development strategy uses various interventions and techniques in order to improve the performance of the people in the organization (Swart & Et. Al., 2005).

Learning and development is not any course or any event, but it is a continuous process that requires commitment from all the concerned parties. Whenever changes occur it is important for the learners and the organization to remain agile. If the organization, as well as the learner, is able to adapt to the changes then that can be considered as the biggest gift of learning. Learning and development is the process of acquiring the information and it is a quantitative increase in the knowledge of the learner. It means to store the information in such a way that it can be reproduced as and when required.&nbsp.It tends to acquire the facts, methods, and skills in an attempt to retain and use the information when necessary.

positive side such for college students and the family relationships young children. negative side such on children at very early ages Paper must be at least 500 words. Please, no plagiarized work! The Positive and Negative Impacts and Effects of Using Technology Positive The adoption of advanced technology in colleges and in homes has been found to have various advantages (California). In college computers have been found to ease the mode of teaching in that students can be able to carry out their presentations through power point. Moreover, online teaching techniques have been adopted in many colleges. Here students can accesses teachers’ notes and assignments online or submit their assignment online. Furthermore the role played by computers and internet services on research cannot be overlooked. Students are now able to carry extensive research on their assignments as well as their research projects instead of physically visiting a library. According to the Fred Rogers Center such technologies it is even easier for students to adopt distance learning programmes. Through the social media students can easily communicate among themselves and also with their teachers.

Technology especially television and computers have been said to enhance learning in children and also family relations if only used wisely. Through technology children are able to engage themselves in enjoyable activities that enable them to share experience with their peers as well as adults. In addition, computer use particularly playing computer games is said to have positive impacts both on children’s cognitive development and academic performance (California). Cognitive skills include reasoning skills and as children play these games they are able to use these skills thus strengthening them. Through this children are able to boost their academic performance in subjects like science and mathematics which require a lot of reasoning. In fact, computers have eroded the authority structures that existed previously within families, since children are more likely to assist their parents with computer usage skills making them to relate freely (Subrahmanyam, et al 123). Also by using computers parents are able to do more research on children’s physical and cognitive development.

Negative

Though computer use in early age has been credited a lot, it has equally been discouraged due to its anticipated negative impacts on children (Tsantis, Bewick and Thouvenelle 5). Home computer use by children may lead to time wastage as children may spend all their time playing computer games thus ignoring other essential duties. This may also affect their socialization process through activities like sports, as children will only be linked to their computers. Children who spent more than five hours a day watching television are at a greater risk of developing obese characteristics (Subrahmanyam et al 125). The quick image flashing in some television programs and visual computer games may cause seizures. Nevertheless, recurring pressing of buttons during computer game playing has been associated with injuries of the hand.

Subrahmanyam, et al (128) assert that Children who are always glued to their computers are likely to develop aggression characteristics as they imitate what they watch. Many games played by male children depict competition and violence and this can be reflected on the children’s daily lives as they are likely to approach situations with hostility and violence. These children are unable to distinguish fantasy from real life situations, which makes them to behave that way. However, the question of impacts of technology use in early age is very ambiguous as what can be considered to be a positive impact, can as well be negative (Subrahmanyam et al 140). Finally, studies done on this field indicate that impacts of technology use in children have a wide variance depending on things like: time spent on the computers, activity of engagement and the content nature.

Works Cited

California, Ventura. How Technology is Influencing Families, 2011. Web. 25 June 2012. Fred Rogers Center. Technology and Interactive Media as Tools in Early Childhood Programs Serving Children from Birth through Age 8. 2012. Web. 25 June 2012. Subrahmanyam, Kaveri, et al. The Impact of Home Computer Use on Children’s Activities and Development. The Future of Children, 123-140. 2000. Web. 25 June 2012. Tsantis Linda, Bewick Cynthia and Thouvenelle Suzanne. Examining some common myths about computer use in the early years. Young Children on the web. 1-8. 2003. Web. 25 June 2012.

: alcohol expectancy set and gender differences. Men show more interest in alcohol consumption and alcohol expectancy. It changes attitude towards women and most of the male drinkers judge female drinkers through the viewpoint of sex. So, it is clear that alcohol not only influences sexual perceptions but also attitudes towards the other gender. This evaluation is based on the work-‘Post drinking Sexual Perceptions and Behaviors toward Another Person: Alcohol Expectancy Set and Gender Differences’ by George, William H., et al, which tries to assess the relation of alcohol with human sexuality and other controversial issues on alcohol expectancy and sex.

The scientific researches on alcohol expectancy with gender confirm that alcohol influence sexual sensitivity in varied ways. The research article- ‘Post drinking Sexual Perceptions and Behaviors toward Another Person: Alcohol Expectancy Set and Gender Differences’ by George, William H., et al is based on the very same topic and it makes clear that alcohol expectancy and gender are closely related and plays an important role in sexual perceptions. The participants of the research include 100 men and 116 women. The findings are interesting because it deals with the implications for post-drinking heterosexual encounters. The main findings are: 1.Men shows more interest in erotic materials than women. 2. Men are more sexually aroused than women.3. Men show more erotic material to alcohol using women than non-alcohol users. Besides, the research concludes by pointing out that there is a deep relation between sexual perception and erotica showing behavior.

There is a common belief that the habit of drinking increases sexual arousal and interest. Research conducted on the relation between alcohol, sex, and gender points out that both men and women expect alcohol to enhance sex. This study is based on the same topic and it reveals some real facts with the help of systematic ways. But there is no evidence to verify that the effect of alcohol on women is the same as that of men. Earlier, the effects of alcohol were assessed on pharmacological standards. But now, expectancy effects are also evaluated on post-drinking sexuality.&nbsp.