The media has been effectively ingraining numerous principles and essentials into a huge segment of our society regardless of the cognitive capabilities of the audience (Manohar, 2010).

With the development of technology, media control has increased exponentially in the last 50 years. primarily, there was the telegraph, followed by the radio, the newspaper, magazines, television, and most recently, the internet. We live in a society that relies on communication and information to keep us going in the correct course and performing our everyday activities like education, work, health care, personal relationships, traveling, leisure, and anything else that we are obliged to do (Rayuso, 2010).

As Manohar (2010) affirms, there is no reservation regarding the fact that there are certain media essentials touching our culture for good. This is because the fast and easy flow of functional education and information would not have been achievable had it not been for media. The media has played a key function in constructive developments, for example, the fight against gender prejudice, global poverty, spreading knowledge about global tranquility, and struggle against racism.

Dervani (2008) argues that the media has become an important element of our society with unique progress in the field of science and technology, and has a key part to play. Nevertheless, it is up to us to decide the best of all that is flashed on television, radio, or newspapers. It has also become almost as basic as food and clothing in the world of today. It is playing an exceptional role in strengthening society in the present world. It is a mirror of society. It helps us to be acquainted with whatever goes on around the world. It also informs, educates, and entertains people. Journalists endanger their lives during attacks or a natural catastrophe, just to update us on the situation. It is partly because of them that knowledge is spreading in society. Indeed, the media forms our lives since our lives would be deficient without it.

During the eighteenth and early nineteenth century, the notion of studying crime as well as criminals was linked to that of making governance more efficient. Intellectuals from Europe considered the unpredictability and brutalities of authoritarian rule as threats to the social order. Cesare Beccaria who was among the Italian illuminist further developed these views. He vehemently and concisely developed the argument that the punishment of lawbreakers should be done publicly, is compulsory and should be the minimum possible depending on the circumstances and the proportion of the crime that has been committed. At around 1830, efforts to explain government societal regulation using the law supported research on what was considered the dangerous classes. This lead to Cesare Lombroso’s quest for the people who had been born criminals as well as the representing of associations between crime and a variety of pointers of ethical-moral deficiency.

This paper seeks to compare the conflicting and opposing philosophies that are associated with the two main theorists in criminology namely Cesare Beccaria and Cesare Lombroso. Cesare Beccaria was born in 1738 and puts emphasis on deterrence as the best way of preventing crime (Outram, 2006). He fits into the classical school of thought and wrote his work during an era when torture was utilized in obtaining information from people and capital punishment was used for any kind of offence. Punishment depended on retributive means in that the harm that was given to the offender was equal to the harm that had been caused by the perpetrator. In contrast, Cesare Lombroso considered the bodily and psychological attributes of the appearances of the person committing the crime. Lombroso was a doctor who was born in 1835 and he developed the opinion that some criminals were biologically determined, placing him in the positivist school of thought (Hayward, Maruna & Mooney, 2010). He research underscored the need to evaluate the individual using measures associated with economic, anthropological and social data.

The responsibilities are vital in the control of organizations cash flow and overseeing of financial planning (Burtrie et al., 2013). As the essay will explain, CFOs mentioned a lot of financial management activities that include long-term investment decisions, contract management and evaluation and planning, but the latter dominates the rest.

Evaluation and planning is a part of financial management activities that preoccupies the role and responsibilities of CFOs during the roundtable talks. Therefore, evaluation means conducting of assessment of perceived outcomes that are often measurable through standardized performances and regulations. It means an evaluation plan helps in achieving goals and objectives that are critical in enforcing the mission statements of a particular hospital environment (Speizman, 2009). Additionally, improvement of efficiency and effectiveness becomes of part of evaluation when CFOs examine the long-term investment decisions important for strengthening contract management.

Planning, on the other hand, implies that CFOs must identify a project plan that is both feasible and operational in different environments. Accordingly, planning helps in the deconstruction of perceptions to convert them into reality when evaluating goals that need immediate implementation (Tolbert et al., 2010).

It means all investment decisions are strategic because they serve certain purposes approved by CFOs in their quest to streamline the overall management (Burtrie et al., 2013). In other words, planning is a part of partnership with other management processes such as evaluation to assist in controlling of organizations cash flows and other pressing needs.

References

Burtrie, A. M et al. (2013). ‘Laying the Groundwork for Value-Based Payment.’ Healthcare Financial Management, 67(2), 1-4.

Speizman, R. A. (2009). ‘Tax-exempt status for hospitals: Where have we been and where are we going?’ Healthcare Financial Management, 63(2), 62-66.

Tolbert, S. et al. (2010). ‘Not-for-profit organizations and for-profit businesses: Perceptions and reality.’ Journal of Business & Economics Research, 8(5), 141-153.

. Failure to adhere to the dogmas as required by the supernatural beings leads to calamities in one’s life. Therefore, every individual is a spiritual being with the nature of playing an enormous role in perfecting this spirituality. Individuals will thus act to attain spiritual perfectness as a duty and nature of every being. Consequently, the thoughts, beliefs, and actions of individuals could be read and understood through a spiritual lens regardless of their culture or other affiliations.

Rice Seeing the World with Aboriginal Eyes delves deep into a people deeply rooted in religion and spirituality a deeply rooted culture among the aborigines. The book opens with the seeing path or the eastern door, which brings out the fundamental cause of the world and nature including the beliefs and knowledge that results from spirituality as experienced through vision. As such, the environment plays a significant role in spirituality, which ensures the sustenance of this spirituality within individuals throughout their life regardless of their immediate location. For instance, Rice explains that as a result of the immigration of the aborigine people into urban centers, the urban youths have more access to their traditions than ever before. the migrating people carry along their cultural heritage, making the urban youths cement their cultural values rather than defy it (Rice, 3). The strong effect of nature in determining the spirituality of individuals is further brought out in Benton-Benais The Mishomis Book. From chapter one, the author narrates how the earth is a woman and water is her lifeblood.

A woman is significant in that she symbolizes productivity of nature while water sustains life in the universe, the same way blood sustains life in humans.

Genomics: Lecture Overview Genomics and Proteomics are the terms mostly used when we are discussing genomes and protein transcription in organisms. It involves the deep analysis of the genes and the loci where they are found as a fundamental base in genetics and molecular biology. The analysis is important and has been widely applied in the medical field especially with the human genome project that successfully made it possible to understand the whole human genome. Genomics were initiated by Fred Sanger and in his studies he sequenced the genome of viruses. In relation to genomics is the term materiomics which involves the understanding of the material properties of biological materials.

In this lecture genomics is studied to understand the initial acquisition of genes, functions and location of genes, their functions in protein formation and how to understand the whole organism’s genome to understand its genetic constitution. In understanding the gene, we understand its sequence and coding regions, transcription process, stability of its transcription process to avoid mutations, post translational processes, the gene’s 3D structure, the functions of different enzymes in transcription and gene functioning, cellular location, the gene’s biochemical pathways, its physical interactions and genetic interactions that enhance its performance in the process of protein formation.

My understanding of the gene and its functioning is core in understanding the relationship between the genotype which involves the gene structure, location and its interaction with other cell components to be expressed in phenotype which are the characteristics that we see from the organism. Xuhua Xia argues that genes are the hereditary factors and in genomics they are studied deeply to know their structure and what prompts them to behave in the way they do. They have the capacity to store genetic information which is passed from one generation to the other through reproduction and in growth. To understand all these, the knowledge in genomics has been very important as it is impossible to know the gene functions without studying it in details first.

Reference

Xia, Xuhua. Comparative Genomics and Comparative Methods. Ontario:Springer Berlin Heidelberg,2013. Print.