FRQ Homework. Lecturer Number Perceptual or object constancy refers to the tendency for viewed objects to appear very similar in terms of shape, color, size or location in spite of having a wide range of differences in observational conditions such as distance, lighting, angle of perception. The impressions created to the perceiver, conform to the perceived object as it really is or as it is assumed to be as opposed to the actual stimulus. It is perceptual constancy that enables perceivers, whether human or animals, to identify different objects under different conditions. Snow, for instance will appear white in the moonlight. It will also appear the same in sunlight, almost a million times brighter. Perception constancy however differs according to environmental cues and experience where the lower the number of cues and experience, the lower the ease of identification.

There are a number of perceptual constancies.

Lightness constancy is the tendency for an object being perceived as having the same level of brightness under a wide range of illumination conditions.

Color constancy is the tendency for a given color to appear the same under a wide range of conditions of viewing.

Shape constancy refers to the tendency of perceiving the shape of a solid object as being constant the differences in the angle of viewing and subsequently shape of the image projected on the retina of perceiver notwithstanding.

Size constancy is the tendency of perceiving the size of an object familiar to the perceiver as being the same, the distance and hence difference of size of image projected on the retina notwithstanding.

Visual perception in humans and animals is complex process. The act of visually perceiving starts when the pupil, a hole in the eye’s iris opens and allows light into the back of the eye. The eye’s lens then focuses an image of an object in its surroundings onto the retina, a light-sensitive membrane located in the back of the eye. The retina in essence is a component of the brain isolated to act as a transducer, in the light pattern conversion into neuronal signals. The retina has photoreceptive cells which detect the light photons projected by the lens and responds by giving out neural impulses. The signals are then processed in the thalamus of the brain, a relay station that for neuro impulses. It is in the thalamus where feature detection takes place and the brain is able to identify visual stimulus features, such as edges, lines, angle or movement. In this way one is able to visually perceive (see ) an object.

Works cited

Jessell, Thomas ,Kandel, et al.. “27. Central visual pathways”. Principles of neural science. 16 Apr. 2000. Web. 28 Aug 2009

Money and Banking In answering the question of how inflation affects the functions of money, it is important to some of the common function of money. These include Medium of exchange in trade, store of value or measure of value, a standard of deferred payment as well as a unit of account to make accounting records for transactions involving money. On the other hand, inflation referrers to a situation where the general prices of goods and services are increasing continuously for a significant period say one year. In other words, inflation leads to decline in money value over time. Consequently, inflation has a direct effect on the money function of serving as a medium of exchange. In a situation where an economy is experiencing high inflation, the value of money keeps on falling hence making it difficult to place the value of goods in that economy generally. In short, this function of money becomes less effective in a situation of high inflation. With the increase in inflation, the volatility of the same tends to increase unpredictably. With this, it becomes difficult to place a particular value on money. This in turn reduces the effectiveness of money as a store of value. On the same note, the use of money as a condition for deferred payment becomes ineffective with high rates of inflation (Hammonds, 2006).

With time, payment systems will evolve into electronic payment systems that are known as e-commerce. In actual sense, electronic commerce is rapidly growing in many markets around the globe. This is attributable to the development of the national information infrastructure that have facilitated the transfer of money from one place to another electronically. This form of payment will benefit the society in reducing transaction costs in various ways, To begin with, with e-commerce, the transaction costs remain the same regardless of the number of transactions involved. This is unlike the case of cash payments where the number of transactions is a factor. This payment system is also accurate and eliminates errors involved with human processes. This means that the number of employees needed to transact in such a system is few hence reducing the general cost of the said business (Hammonds, 2006).

In addressing the inverse relationship between security prices and interest rates, the security to be considered will be a bond. Bonds are usually bought directly through banks or mutual funds. Upon issuance of new bonds, they carry coupon rates that are either equal or close to the prevailing market interest rate. However, security prices in general and in this case bond prices have an inverse relationship with interest rates. This implies that once the interest rate goes down in an individual economy, the value of securities goes up. The reverse is also true. As such, investors in various securities should have a keen eye on different interest rates prevailing in markets that can be invested in.

In negotiating an automobile lease, a person ought to have the knowledge of a couple of concepts regarding the lease of cars. First, it is imperative to note that the lease payments for an automobile are dictated by the value or price of that car. On a similar note, it is critical to know that a person could negotiate for the price of an automobile prior to leasing it. The lower the price, the lower the lease payments. Other information that is helpful in this negotiation includes the following: the vehicles invoice price, excess mileage costs that apply in case the limit set at the pint of lease is exceeded as well as the exact time duration that an individual wants to take a contract. This is because leases taken for a longer period have less monthly than shorter terms. This can hence misguide a person to make a lease for an automobile for a longer period than the desired (Jasper, 2005).

References

Hammonds, H. (2006). Banking: Money. South Yarra, Victoria: Macmillan Education Australia Pty.

Jasper, M. (2005). Auto leasing. Dobbs Ferry, NY: Oceana Publications.

Britain introduced personal supervision to young offenders in 1820 with experimental measures. Probation is first named by Augustus John in 1841 as he works with the Washington Abstinence society. He visits the Boston police court and does pretrial inquiries on offenders and this evolves into what was known as the Massachusetts scheme (DP, 2011). The first systematic example of probation supervision began in 1869 in America. Between 1878 and 1938 various states and districts including the federal government set up probation laws. In 1983 electronic monitoring of offenders begins in Mexico followed by Florida. In 1989 a survey indicates that fifty states have adopted intensive probation and other intermediate sanction programs (Anderson, 2010).

The probation supervision has developed over the years with states enacting various laws to help in ensuring effective and adequate supervision. These laws have seen the introduction of other types of supervision such as standard supervision, unsupervised probation, and informal supervision. Al these have developed in order to make probation supervision easy, convenient and effective (HCDA, 2011).

Probation as a process means that it is an investigation that is conducted by a specific court and the supervision of persons in a community. An investigation such that an individual is monitored by a court whether they are changing behavior or not and supervision such that an individual is assigned a person whom they are supposed to report to or who monitors them to make sure they are doing what is right. If they deviating they can be sentenced or the period of probation can be increased (PA, 2011).

So to save the face of the guests there, Jesus turned the water into wine. This showed that he had extraordinary powers and can perform miracles as only God can change one substance into another. The immediate result of this was that the disciples started believing in him. Thus Jesus’ power over creation in past and future times as deity was manifested to the humans (Guided Bible Studies, King James Bible – John 2:1-25 n.d.).

2. The second sign of a miracle performed by Jesus was the healing of the noble man’s son. The son was very ill and was near death when the man went to Jesus to ask him to heal his son. He was a high official and therefore by healing his son the credibility of Jesus as being sent by God enhanced even further. Jesus had spoken the words of healing without even meeting the son and this showed the power of his healing over space (Towns 2002, xiii). This showed that God was not limited by space and so isn’t Jesus as he holds the nature of power (Guided Bible Studies, King James Bible – John 4:1-54 n.d.).

3. The third miracle performed by Jesus was that of the healing of a lame. Man. The person was paralyzed for a lot of years, in fact for 38 years and because Jesus was full of love and compassion he healed the man. The person had laid by the pool at the sheep market for many years and slowly his faith and hope were fading away. Another reason was that the person was losing hope and therefore to renew his hope and trust in God he healed him. This miracle showed the power of Jesus and his deity was restored as he chose the timing for the deliverance of his powers (Guided Bible Studies, King James Bible – John 5:1-47 n.d.). This also exemplified the power given to him by God. The deity was shown by him doing no one else would have done (McFarland 2008).

4. The fourth miracle performed by Jesus was the feeding of 5000 people. Since the power of Jesus’ healing was becoming well known and therefore people now gathered at the place where Jesus was present to speak on the eve of the Passover.

John Wayne Gacy was one of the serial killers in the US who have murdered and raped 33 teenage boys and men over the period of time. Most of his victims were buried in his own home whereas some of them were actually thrown into the river to discard them permanently. He was also nicknamed as Killer Clown because he would often dress like Pogo the clown in different charitable services and parties where he was a regular attendee.

A closer analysis of the life of Gacy would indicate that his inclination towards the life of crime and sex was largely influenced by the environment in which he was living. He was offered a job of manager at three KFCs by his father in law in Waterloo, Iowa and it was in Waterloo that he started to engage himself in homosexuality besides forcing teenage employees of his stores to make sex with him. (Cahil, 1986)

He was psychologically examined after his first arrest and it was concluded by the doctors that he possessed antisocial personality and that it may be difficult to fully rehabilitate him out of such behaviors. What is, however, critical to note that he was active in the community services and was also subsequently appreciated and rewarded for his community services also? Despite such behavior, he continued to commit the murder and rape of the teenage boys and other males to whom he described as male prostitutes.&nbsp.

Overview of theory

As discussed above that the General Strain Theory is a combination of different theories and finally culminated into a broader theory with a focus on the sociology as well as the criminology. The basic postulates of the theory suggest that the social structures within society can pressure citizens to actually commit crimes and as such may result into the increased instances of the deviance and crime if society is not supportive for an individual. Robert Dubin, one of the earliest proponents of this theory outlined that the deviance is actually a function of the society and advocated to make a difference between the actual behavior of the individuals and the set of values which actually drive such behaviors.