Case Study: Understanding Process Measurement Variation

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Case Study: Understanding Process Measurement Variation

Introduction

For this assignment, you will conduct an experiment then create supporting visuals to be placed in a PowerPoint presentation of your findings. Your presentation should be easy to read and have a consistent design theme throughout. Please complete the first four chapters in the following LinkedIn Learning course on PowerPoint essentials before creating your presentation:

To help you learn about measurement variation, try this experiential learning exercise. (We are indebted to Alan Goodman, DuPont Company, Wilmington, Delaware, for bringing this exercise to our attention.)

Scenario

UPDATE: Due to COVID-19, students will NOT be collecting their own data for this assignment. Instead, your instructor will share the data sets with you.

You have started a new business providing height measurements of humans. Your customers expect accurate and precise measurements. You offer two methods of measurement: a yardstick or meterstick, and a tape measure. You must test the two methods to evaluate their performance and provide the results to your customers.

For this experiment, you will need the following:

  • A yardstick or meterstick.
  • A tape measure.
  • Access to a single entrance door that is six feet or taller.
  • Twenty or more individual participants.

Instructions

Method 1

You will test Method 1 in this way:

  1. Ask each participant to measure the height of the entrance door using the yardstick or the meterstick.
  2. The participant will report the measurement to you or someone you have designated as the data collector. If the participants are together, make sure that they don’t reveal their answers to anyone but the data collector.
  3. Tabulate the data and plot each measurement on a run or sequence chart. No deviation from the prescribed method is allowed.

Method 2

For Method 2, you may use the same or a different set of participants and the same entrance door or another door.

  1. This time, the participants will use the tape measure in any way they desire.
  2. Again, each person silently reports the measurement of the door to you or a designated data collector.
  3. Tabulate and plot each data point as in Method 1.

PowerPoint Presentation

Create a PowerPoint presentation in which you complete the following:

  1. Compare the accuracy and precision of the two methods using graphical and analytical methods.
    • Develop a flow chart for each method in which you specify the key problems that might be present.
    • Develop the supplier, input, process steps, output, and customer (SIPOC) model to analyze the process of both methods.
      • This may also be done in the flow chart. (Please reference these instructions on how to create a flow chart in Microsoft Word.)
  2. Identify the method that was most accurate. Provide a rationale for your response.
  3. Analyze the flow chart and SIPOC model to identify opportunity for improvement (OFI).
    • Next, categorize whether the OFIs are caused by special causes or common causes variations. Provide a rationale for your response.
    • Identify which method of measurement you would recommend. Explain why.
    • Discuss whether different methods should be used under different circumstances. Consider the role of different customer segments.
  2. Discuss the feelings the participants experienced when using the two methods.
    • Describe the differences between the two sets of feelings.
    • Assess whether these differences are important. Provide a rationale.
  2. Use Basic Search: Strayer University Online Library to identify at least two quality references to support your discussion.

Additional Requirements

Your assignment must meet these requirements:

  • PowerPoint presentation of at least eight content slides with responses to numbers 1 through 4 above.
  • Presentation includes a reference slide and a cover slide with the title of the assignment, your name, the professor’s name, the course title, and the date.
    • Note: The cover and the reference slides are not included in the required minimum number of slides.
  • Formatting of the slides should be consistent and easy to read.

This course requires the use of Strayer Writing Standards. For assistance and information, please refer to the Strayer Writing Standards link in the left-hand menu of your course. Check with your professor for any additional instructions.

The specific course learning outcome associated with this assignment is:

  • Design strategies to enhance organizational performance that are informed by the principles of statistical thinking.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Go online and examine the most recent issues of the following journals: Communications of ACM, Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction, ACM transactions on software engineering, ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing, Communications, and Applications, ACM Transactions on Graphics, ACM Transactions on Computational Logic. 

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Question 1: Go online and examine the most recent issues of the following journals: Communications of ACM, Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction, ACM transactions on software engineering, ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing, Communications, and Applications, ACM Transactions on Graphics, ACM Transactions on Computational Logic.

Find an article (There should not be any repetitions even across section) that interests you among the articles and that employs one of the research techniques we will discuss in class: surveys, experiments, content analysis, in-depth interviews, focus groups, case studies or participant observation. It makes sense to choose an article employing the methodology you will use for your study. Copy the article so that you can turn it in with your critique.

 

Your critique should contain the following elements:

1. Provide a complete citation of the article (Title, authors, journal, volume, year and pages).

2. What are the research questions/hypotheses?

3. What are the major theories that it examines (be sure to briefly explain the theory)?

4. What is the research methodology (sample size, independent variables, dependent variables and how were they measured)?

5. Summarize the major results

6. What does the author say is the major contribution of the study?

7. What would you say are the strengths and weaknesses of the study with a focus on its methodology?

Research paper on the fall of the Qing Dynasty (the last dynasty in China) and how it affected the world.

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WORLD HISTORY ASSIGNMENT

 

The paper should be around 3,000 words (10-11 pages) written and cited in MLA format.

Double spacing, 12pt. You should have a bibliography for works referred to and these should be cited in-text. The quality of English will be taken into account in grading work so do make sure to edit before handing in. Be very careful about plagiarism.

 

The fall of the Qing Dynasty (the last dynasty in China) and how it affected the world (or some parts of the world).

 

Please come up with relevant research questions.

 

This research paper should include:

 

  1. Introduction
  2. Research questions and importance
  3. Methodology
  4. Literature review and analysis
  5. Conclusion
  6. References

 

It’s a world history assignment, making it so that you can’t focus the research on a specific country/region, as that would be defeating its purpose. 

 

family law problem question

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I need some assistance with these assignment. family law problem question Thank you in advance for the help! Although, Lucy contributed half of Jack’s contribution towards the purchase, her name is not among the co-owners because theirs was an informal arrangement. Therefore, she cannot validly claim a portion of the property based on her contribution upon their divorce2. Regardless, her interest to stay in the house is protected by the principle of joint tenancy, in which case, her shares are limited to the 25% of what Jack contributed towards the purchase the house3. What she needs is present written evidence showing her contribution in the purchase4. As such, Lucy she would be entitled to half of Jack’s appreciated entitlements upon divorce, considering that she did take part in improving the value of the Lees by setting up and maintaining the garden.

Jean is a valid co-owner of the property alongside Jack and Nick. Jean’s case is a bit different, however. She entered into an agreement to buy the house as a separate party before joining Nick in marriage. Jean’s attempt to sever the joint tenancy is valid as was held in Re 88 Berkeley Road, NW9 [1971] 1 All ER 254, where anything which provides the slightest indication of an intention to partition the property should be construed as a termination of the joint tenancy5. Unlike Lucy, Jean has a clearly distinct proportion of the property in her name6. She would forfeit any additional value of the house arising from the renovations, because she did not actively take part in it7.

The most effective way of granting Jean and Lucy their rightful shares of the property is to determine whether matrimonial property exists in each of the marriages. For Lucy, a court would disregard Jack’s attempts to end the relationship and possibly divide his shares equally between them whether or not she shows proofs of her shares as was evidenced in in the case of Jones v Jones [2011] EWCA Civ 418.

Create a 5 pages page paper that discusses groups for organizational decision making.

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Create a 5 pages page paper that discusses groups for organizational decision making. This technique does not allow any group discussion. This is prevalent in the military set up where the highest ranking officer of the group makes a decision to either attack the enemy or wait for the enemy to attack the soldier group. Another popular example is when a group of Grade 4 pupils are led by the class teacher on Disneyland field trip. The pupils eagerly obey the group teacher’s every instruction, without question.

Second, the group implements the decision of the expert (Chelst 144). When a group of tourist visits a new tourist destination, the group eagerly accepts the recommendations of the group’s expert, the tourist guide. The group easily accepts the tourist guide’s recommended hotel, restaurant, sites, and other recommended tourism activities.

Third, the group will implement the most popular (majority) recommendation or alternative (Levi 160). For example, the group decided to vote on whether to visit the White House, Disneyland, or Hollywood. If Hollywood gets the highest number of group member votes, everyone in the group will visit Hollywood. The members of the group who voted to visit Disneyland must disregard their preferred choices and abide by the group decision.

Fourth, the group will implement the decision of the group leader after gathering the group members’ comments, suggestions, complaints, and other inputs (Chelst 144). The leader makes the decision by incorporating the group members’ comments, suggestions, complaints, and other inputs. The method normally pleases the group members. The members are happy that their diverse inputs are being included in the group leader’s decision making process.

Fifth, group may decide to implement the average votes of the group (Stair 425). This completely differs from the prior third group decision technique. The average vote may not be the most popular vote.

prepare and submit a paper on literature searches.

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Your assignment is to prepare and submit a paper on literature searches. Literature Searches December 27, The topic I selected was work-related stress in Nursing. The database CINAHL was used for filtered information. I chose MEDLINE database for unfiltered information. For both databases the search term used was nursing related stress. Two resources were found within systematic reviews. Each source concluded that interventions for this stress were lacking, though the reasons, responses and outcomes of this stress are well defined.

19 results were found that were critically appraised or expert peer reviewed. Information found at this level of the hierarchy focused on specialty areas, such as work stress and physical assault in nursing homes. This level identified and individualized factors which were very specific and also analyzed specially care units and the dynamics within which contribute to work related stress.

Critically appraised individual articles are written by authors who evaluate and provide a brief synopsize of the individual research studies. There were five results found with this criteria. These articles identified studies with implications related to the topic and provided a brief summary of the study without opinion or conclusions of their own.

For unfiltered information I used MEDLINE. For RCT’s only one result was found with the search term nursing related stress. This evaluated nursing students stress level at the bachelor’s level and was a quantitative study. Cohort studies involve groups of individuals who are linked in some way and observed. 2 results were found with this criteria. Only one was relevant which observed Chinese nurses to determine factors related to stress. This linked individuals of a certain ethnic group.

Case controlled studies are merely observational with no intervention attempted and compares individuals with certain characteristics with those who do not have those characteristics, such as a disease. For this group I used cancer as the differing factors and 212 results were found. These results weren’t very useful as most focused on the patient rather than the stress of the caregiver. These studies would not be my first choice in researching nursing related stress.

For background information or expert opinion I focused on validation studies. There were 502 results though most were not focused on my particular topic or phrase which I used. These results actually provided physical and biological evidence of nursing related stress. These studies were very in depth and specific, some measuring levels of stress hormones or using defined scales to determine levels of stress. These studies would be most useful if my topic were narrowed, such as ,’possible effects of stress on nurses.’

The value of the information located in expert opinion sources help to identify possible health risks which can be avoided with stress reduction methods. Though these are unproven they provide insight into areas which are worth further study. The most valuable level were systematic reviews though they did not provide way to avoid this stress or reduce this stress. they merely identified that this was a topic that needed further study to determine how this stress can be reduced.

Cohort studies were more difficult to actually locate a resources which focused on my topic, as nurses stress aren’t comparative to that of the patient. Critically appraised individual articles merely restate what is known without suggesting solutions or criteria for further study.

A useful tip for conducting a literature search which provides you with relevant and useful research studies would be to define your topic or phrase several different ways and to use advanced search options to narrow down the type of research you are wanting to locate such as RCT’s, or systematic reviews.

Citations

Systematic Review

Moustaka, Ã., & Constantinidis, T. C. (2010). Sources and effects of Work-related stress in nursing.&nbsp.Health Science Journal,&nbsp.4(4), 210-216. Retrieved from http://web.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.snhu.edu/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=5&hid=21&sid=404fb373-da59-4f91-8012-2bfebdc3e13a%40sessionmgr11

Mimura, C., & Griffiths, P. (2003). The effectiveness of current approaches to workplace stress management in the nursing profession: an evidence based literature review.&nbsp.Occupational & Environmental Medicine,&nbsp.60(1), 10-15. Retrieved from http://web.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.snhu.edu/ehost/detail?vid=5&hid=21&sid=404fb373-da59-4f91-8012-2bfebdc3e13a%40sessionmgr11&bdata=JkF1dGhUeXBlPWNvb2tpZSxpcCx1cmwsY3BpZCZjdXN0aWQ9c2hhcGlybyZzaXRlPWVob3N0LWxpdmU%3d#db=rzh&AN=2003107502

Critically Appraised Topics

Brokalaki, H., Matziou, V., Thanou, J., Zirogiannis, P., Dafni, U., & Papadatou, D. (2001). Job-related stress among nursing personnel in Greek dialysis units.&nbsp.EDTNA/ERCA Journal Of Renal Care,&nbsp.27(4), 181-186. Retrieved from http://web.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.snhu.edu/ehost/detail?vid=7&hid=21&sid=404fb373-da59-4f91-8012-2bfebdc3e13a%40sessionmgr11&bdata=JkF1dGhUeXBlPWNvb2tpZSxpcCx1cmwsY3BpZCZjdXN0aWQ9c2hhcGlybyZzaXRlPWVob3N0LWxpdmU%3d#db=rzh&AN=2002077966

Sullivan, P. (1993). Stress and burnout in psychiatric nursing.&nbsp.Nursing Standard,&nbsp.8(2), 36-39. Retrieved from http://web.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.snhu.edu/ehost/detail?vid=7&hid=21&sid=404fb373-da59-4f91-8012-2bfebdc3e13a%40sessionmgr11&bdata=JkF1dGhUeXBlPWNvb2tpZSxpcCx1cmwsY3BpZCZjdXN0aWQ9c2hhcGlybyZzaXRlPWVob3N0LWxpdmU%3d#db=rzh&AN=1994178391

Critically Appraised Individual Articles

Rosella, J., & Albrecht, S. (1993). Toward an understanding of the health status of Black adolescents: an application of the stress-coping framework.&nbsp.Issues In Comprehensive Pediatric Nursing,&nbsp.16(4), 193-205. Retrieved from http://web.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.snhu.edu/ehost/detail?vid=7&hid=21&sid=404fb373-da59-4f91-8012-2bfebdc3e13a%40sessionmgr11&bdata=JkF1dGhUeXBlPWNvb2tpZSxpcCx1cmwsY3BpZCZjdXN0aWQ9c2hhcGlybyZzaXRlPWVob3N0LWxpdmU%3d#db=rzh&AN=1994191082

Pades Jiménez, A., & Homar Amengual, C. (2006). Work-related stress and burnout in nursing [Spanish].&nbsp.Metas De Enfermería,&nbsp.9(3), 67-72. Retrieved from http://web.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.snhu.edu/ehost/detail?vid=7&hid=21&sid=404fb373-da59-4f91-8012-2bfebdc3e13a%40sessionmgr11&bdata=JkF1dGhUeXBlPWNvb2tpZSxpcCx1cmwsY3BpZCZjdXN0aWQ9c2hhcGlybyZzaXRlPWVob3N0LWxpdmU%3d#db=rzh&AN=2009622679

Randomized Controlled Trials

Hughes LC. Romick P. Sandor MK. Phillips CA. Glaister J. Levy K. Rock, J. (2003). Evaluation of an informal peer group experience on baccalaureate nursing students emotional well-being and professional socialization.&nbsp.Journal Of Professional Nursing: Official Journal Of The American Association Of Colleges Of Nursing,&nbsp.19(1), 38-48. Retrieved from http://web.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.snhu.edu/ehost/detail?vid=5&hid=21&sid=bd3df97c-0999-4c13-8796-c6daa7cd88f4%40sessionmgr12&bdata=JkF1dGhUeXBlPWNvb2tpZSxpcCx1cmwsY3BpZCZjdXN0aWQ9c2hhcGlybyZzaXRlPWVob3N0LWxpdmU%3d#db=cmedm&AN=12649818

Cohort Studies

Callaghan P. Tak-Ying SA. Wyatt, P. (2000). Factors related to stress and coping among Chinese nurses in Hong Kong.&nbsp.Journal Of Advanced Nursing,&nbsp.31(6), 1518-1527. Retrieved from http://web.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.snhu.edu/ehost/detail?vid=5&hid=21&sid=bd3df97c-0999-4c13-8796-c6daa7cd88f4%40sessionmgr12&bdata=JkF1dGhUeXBlPWNvb2tpZSxpcCx1cmwsY3BpZCZjdXN0aWQ9c2hhcGlybyZzaXRlPWVob3N0LWxpdmU%3d#db=cmedm&AN=10849166

Case-Controlled Studies

Dettmore D. Gabriele, L. (2011). Dont just do something, stand there: responding to unrelieved patient suffering.&nbsp.Journal Of Psychosocial Nursing And Mental Health Services,&nbsp.49(4), 34-38. doi:10.3928/02793695-20110302-01 Retrieved from http://web.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.snhu.edu/ehost/detail?vid=5&hid=21&sid=bd3df97c-0999-4c13-8796-c6daa7cd88f4%40sessionmgr12&bdata=JkF1dGhUeXBlPWNvb2tpZSxpcCx1cmwsY3BpZCZjdXN0aWQ9c2hhcGlybyZzaXRlPWVob3N0LWxpdmU%3d#db=cmedm&AN=21410090

Expert Opinion

Metzenthin P. Helfricht S. Loerbroks A. Terris DD. Haug HJ. Subramanian SV. Fischer, J. (2009). A one-item subjective work stress assessment tool is associated with cortisol secretion levels in critical care nurses.&nbsp.Preventive Medicine,&nbsp.48(5), 462-466. Retrieved from http://web.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.snhu.edu/ehost/detail?vid=5&hid=21&sid=bd3df97c-0999-4c13-8796-c6daa7cd88f4%40sessionmgr12&bdata=JkF1dGhUeXBlPWNvb2tpZSxpcCx1cmwsY3BpZCZjdXN0aWQ9c2hhcGlybyZzaXRlPWVob3N0LWxpdmU%3d#db=cmedm&AN=19457727

Adachi H. Inoue M. Inaba, R. (2005). [Stress management among hospital nurses–stress & stress-coping scale (SSCQ) as applied to nurses].&nbsp.Sangyō Eiseigaku Zasshi = Journal Of Occupational Health,&nbsp.47(1), 1-10. Retrieved from http://web.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.snhu.

Create a 6 pages page paper that discusses the moment of truth.

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Create a 6 pages page paper that discusses the moment of truth. and extending the service life of the long-term assets of the infrastructure, which are essential in maintaining quality of life in a society, as well as mainstreaming the economy. There are various studies that have indicated that the implementation of the Municipal Infrastructure Asset management System in the UAE faces a myriad of challenges. However, these studies did not seek to provide a backup for this connotation. Perhaps, their failure to do this might be attributed to the fact that the complexity and magnitude of challenges that face the financial and physical aspects of the civil infrastructure systems, which have been supporting the traditional lifestyles of communities in the world is quite complex and significant. Considering the fact that the historical management practices have failed to support the expected levels of infrastructural services on sustainable basis, there is need to consider improving approaches for managing the infrastructure perhaps through implementing systems such as the Municipal Infrastructure Asset Management. However, the biggest challenge as far as the UAE is concerned has not been on the employability of this systems and whether or not the system can work. The challenge has been identifying all the possible changes but rather the inherent factors that come into play making the implementation process to be somewhat challenging.

After many years of capital investment in the infrastructure in Europe, as well as in the United States, the need to make sure such infrastructure are sustained has not worked following the many mounting challenges attributed to it. Among the current duress include political pressures to have the public spending reduced, tight local and state budget, and the deferral of the required maintenance funding. It has been noted that progressive aging capital, the parochial statuses, as well as the interest groups have become a major hindrance to flexible procurement strategies.

writing homework on Cause and Effect of Crisis in the US Social Security System.

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Need help with my writing homework on Cause and Effect of Crisis in the US Social Security System. Write a 250 word paper answering; Cause & Effect of Crisis in Americas Social Security System Social Security was created by Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1935, and since then has acted as a focus of the country’s social bond, and has provided income to the most susceptible of citizens. It covers almost twenty percent of the federal budget and is the most popular government plan in the world. (Social Security (US)

In 2005, President George W. Bush declared that a crisis was coming which will affect the American Social Security System. But it has been reported that this was probably a fake crisis, which was risen so that government officials could earn an extra bit of money. The situation facing the social security is pretty clear. It has enough income to last for about thirty years, and it does not seem that it will be running out anytime soon. The program was created to provide benefits to the retired and old age people, and the benefits were said to rise with the growing increase in wages of the people. The fact that the economy is producing more than enough funds to offer an increasing standard of living for the future generations, while also honoring its commitment to the Social Security, comes as a shock to some people. As a matter of fact, the only threat that the social security is facing is from the politicians who are trying to ‘alter’ the system and bring drastic changes by faking a crisis. (The introduction to

Social Security: The Phony Crisis).

The changes that Bush wanted to bring would have actually put the Social Security System in crisis. His privatization plan would have half ruled half of the Social Security funds into private accounts. This would have made the Social Security dependent on the Trust Funds, which would have emptied the Trust Funds twenty years sooner, and as a result payments to the people would have reduced by seventy percent. This would have created a real crisis.

The Social Security Trust Fund has been in operation for about seventy years. There was a much worse crisis in 1983. The Trust Fund was about to drain then, but the problem as brought under control, and it worked for over fifty years. The Social Security system has been altered a few times, to keep it stable. Even if the government just sits idle and does nothing, then the Trust Fund is said to run out in 2035. But even then the Social Security would not be broke. So the so called crisis said to have occurred, is not much of a threat. The Social Security is well established and is said to run effectively for the next many years. If it is threatened by anything, it is the ‘reforms’ of the politicians and their attacks on then system. Their drive to save the system by creating a crisis will put the Social Security system under more jeopardy. (Is There a Social Security Crisis?)

References

Is There a Social Security Crisis?.” zFacts on Controversial Topics. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Apr. 2012. .

JR., JOHN H. CUSHMAN, and ROBERT PEAR. “Social Security (US) – News – Times Topics – The New York Times.” Times Topics – The New York Times. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Apr. 2012. .

“Social Security: The Phony Crisis, Introduction — Dean Baker and Mark Weisbrot.” The University of Chicago Press | Home . N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Apr. 2012.

Compose a 1000 words assignment on house for rent.

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Compose a 1000 words assignment on house for rent. Needs to be plagiarism free! The aim will be to identify models that will work on the differences and create room where a smooth negotiation will take palace. The final decision making process remains an integral part in any negotiation. Identifying nagging issues between the two parties and working towards a mutual agreement. An agreement is essential in any negotiation.

Alfredson and Cungu’ (2008) identify goals as essential in any negotiation as they play part in agenda setting. Agenda setting remains the major objective while negotiating. In our case, the goals will be set based on the lease agreement. Information from a third party indicates that the prospective client has the same agenda. This means he is willing to lease the house for two years which is the anticipated expiry period. The client’s goals will be to minimize the overall cost of the house. His aim will base on ensuring the cost matches his valuation. The leaser in this case will be aiming at ensuring the terms match his valuation and that he maximizes on the benefits that accompany leasing of the property. The cost should be enough to ensure he affords a new property in his new location. The initial stage would be to ensure common elements are utilized while initiating any negotiation.

The common elements between the two parties initiate a process which will be aimed at working on differences and concern in an effort to reach an agreeable solution. The motivating factor will be the two agree on the time period in which the lease should last. This hence triggers a meeting that will design a model that would be agreeable to both parties. The two parties depend on each other in that each has different objectives from the property. The interdependent nature of the two parties is what triggers a negotiation (Moore, 2005). The two parties should acknowledge that without the other party any process will not be achieved.

Write a 1 page paper on vaccinating cattle against e.coli could cut human cases of infections by 85 percent.

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Write a 1 page paper on vaccinating cattle against e.coli could cut human cases of infections by 85 percent. Vaccinating cattle against E.coli could cut human cases of infections by 85 percent. The article to be summarized in this case is, Louis et al., “Predicting the public health benefit of vaccinating cattle against Escherichia coli O157.” The independent variable in this article is testing whether a bacterium causing stern gastrointestinal sickness is brought about by contacting dung from livestock or taking contaminated food and water. The dependent variable is the effect that cattle have been confirmed to be the main reservoir for the growth of the bacterium. The hypothesis of the study is that the danger of E.coli infection is more vulnerable during the super-shedding period by the cattle. When the excretion from the cattle contain high percentage of the bacteria, the infection becomes significant. Nevertheless, there are vaccines, which reduce super-shedding in cattle.

The findings of the study were that the vaccination of the cattle is likely to reduce human cases by approximately 85 percent. This is a strong figure supporting the adoption of the vaccine by livestock industries. Various countries like Scotland have engaged in research to establish an economic program for similar vaccination programmes. The aim of these countries is to develop more effective vaccines, which will reduce the impact of the bacterium on human life. Treating the cattle to cut down the number of human infection is justifiable, but there is need to put more effort in implementing the program and meeting the costs of the program. Public health has to be taken seriously to achieve this perspective.

The hypothesis of the article was supported because nations across the world are responding positively to the implementation of the program. For instance, Scotland tackles an average of 235 culture positive cases of infections resulting from E.coli. This application continues to be extended to various nations for adoption. For example, the vaccine has been taken up in US. A version in US is not fully licensed yet the authority insists that veterinary medicines must indicate the improvement of human health.

Works Cited

Louis, Matthews, Reeve, George, Gally, David L. Low, C. Woolhouse, Mark, McAteer, S. P. Locking, M. E. Chase-Topping, Margo, Haydon, Daniel, Allison, L. J. Hanson, G. Gunn, Joshua, and Reid, S. “Predicting the public health benefit of vaccinating cattle against Escherichia coli O157”. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2013. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.